正确答案: C

Relying on whatever motivational tools available.

题目：21.请阅读Passage 1,完成第1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　There are two kinds of motive for engaging in any activity:internal and instrumental.If ascientist conducts research because she wants to discover important facts about the world,that'san internal motive,since discovering facts is inherently related to the activity of research.If sheconducts research because she wants to achieve scholarly renown,that's an instrumental motive,since the relation between fame and research is not so inherent.Often,people have both for doingthings. 　　What mix of motives-internal or instrumental or both-is most conducive to success? Youmight suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieverenown will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires.Surely twomotives are better than one.But as we and our colleagues argue in a paper newly published in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,instrumental motives are not always an asset andcan actually be counterproductive to success. 　　We analyzed data drawn from 11,320 <u>cadets</u>in nine entering classes at the United StatesMilitary Academy at West Point,all of whom rated how much each of a set of motives influencedtheir decision to attend the academy.The motives included things like a desire to get a good job laterin life and a desire to be trained as a leader in the United States Army. 　　How did the cadets fare,years later? How did their progress relate to their original motives forattending West Point? 　　We found,unsurprisingly,that the stronger their internal reasons were to attend West Point,themore likely cadets were to graduate and become commissioned officers.Also unsurprisingly,cadetswith internal motives did better in the military (as evidenced by early promotion recommendations)than did those without internal motives and were also more likely to stay in the military after theirfive years ofmandatory service. 　　Remarkably,cadets with strong internal and strong instrumental motives for attending WestPoint performed worse on every measure than did those with strong internal motives but weakinstrumental ones.They were less likely to graduate,less outstanding as military officers and lesscommitted to staying in the military. 　　Our study suggests that efforts should be made to structure activities so that instrumental consequences do not become motives.Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of theirwork,rather than on,say,the financial returns it will bring,may be the best way to improve not onlythe quality oftheir work but also their financial success. 　　There is a temptation among educators and instructors to use whatever motivational tools areavailable to recruit participants or improve performance.If the desire for military excellence andservice to country fails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs,then perhaps appeals to “moneyfor college,”“career training”or“seeing the world”will do the job.While this strategy may luremore recruits,it may also yield worse soldiers.Similarly,for students uninterested in learning,financial incentives for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may prompt them toparticipate,but it may result in less well-educated students.

解析：推断题。根据原文最后一段可知，教育工作者和指导者正面临着诱惑——使用任何可用的激励手段来招收新兵，虽然暂时能够招募到新兵，但是这样只能培养出更加糟糕的士兵。C项“依靠任何可用的激励工具”违背原文，这也是作者不同意的地方。故本题选C。

查看原题 查看所有试题

学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]对于培养学生智力技能最具有现实意义的途径是( )。

结合教材知识教学，训练学生掌握智力活动规则和课题解答程序

解析：智力技能是借助内部言语在头脑中实现的认识活动方式。这种认知活动借助内部言语按合理的、完善的程序组织起来，并且一环扣一环，仿佛自动化地进行着。结合教材知识教学，训练学生掌握智力活动规则和课题解答程序是培养学生智力技能最具有现实意义的途径。

[单选题]1972年，考古学家在发掘一座汉墓时发现一具女尸，不仅千年不腐，而且各部位和内脏器官的外形相当完整，各组织细微结构保存较好，为世所罕见。该墓葬的名称是( )。

马王堆汉墓

解析：1972年，我国考古工作者在长沙对马王堆汉墓进行发掘时，发现一具千年不腐的女尸。后经科学鉴定，该墓的女主人是辛追，这具女尸就是辛追夫人。

[单选题]22.请阅读Passage 2,完成第1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　The ritual of English tea time is believed to have originated in the late 1700's when Anna.Duchess of Bedford,ordered that a plate of cakes be sent up to her with her afternoon cup of tea. 　　The Duchess chronically experienced a “sinking feeling” (what we would term “low bloodsugar” ) in the late afternoon.To tide her over the long hours between meals she turned to carbohydrates. 　　Other royals immediately copied the Duchess,and afternoon tea parties became quitefashionable.low tables were set up in front of sofas and chairs,and the ladies found a newopportunity to show off pretty clothes,fine China.embroidered linen tablecloths and napkins,andsilver tableware. 　　tea time was also the time to exchange juicy gossip and serve refreshments.Soon darling littlesandwiches and sweet pastries as well as scones were being arranged on decorative stands and platesfor the ladies' pleasure. 　　The tea party mania quickly spread across the Atlantic where tea was already enjoyed as abeverage.This fondness for tea was later suppressed by the patriotic Americans during the eraimmediately preceding the American Revolution because of the unreasonable British tax on tea. 　　However,by April 27,1776,Congress announced in the Philadelphia Packet that “the drinkingof tea can now be indulged.” The custom of afternoon tea parties was not really revived in thiscountry,though,until the mid-1800's,when Victorian ways were in vogue here.leisure-class American ladies began having “kettledrums” at 4p.m.“Kettledrums” was called that in connectionwith the term “teakettle.” Petits fours and other dainty delights were served amid Victorianopulence. 　　A Victorian diarist,Maud Berkeley (Maud:The Illustrated Diary of a Victorian Woman,Chronicle Books,1987) gave an anecdote concerning tea time:“Mrs.Barnes had out a lovely tea-cloth for her tea-party,worked all over with cyclamens and honeysuckle.Shoggie Boucher,unusedto such dainty,contrived to slop his tea all over it.Thankful it was not I.as it was,my new featherboA.which I wore for the first time,got into my teacup,causing much alarm and merriment to all assembled.lilian Black-Barnes was,as ever,strong in adversity and wrung out the offending objectin the kitchen sink.Fear it may never be the same again,none the less.” 　　My family,mother,and I were able to relieve some of that sophisticated elegance (minus thedrippy boa) when we had tea at the Ritz in london.The Palm Court,an open area on the groundfioor of the hotel,is a study in turn-of-the-century decor.Gilt statuary,palms,and other plants,andstylishly-set little tables beckon welcomingly under high-up,rose-tinted skylights. 　　Our waiter brought us a selection of finger sandwiches of smoked salmon,ham,cucumber,Cheddar cheese,cream cheese,and chives,or egg salad.Scones (similar to American biscuits) wereoffered with butter,and various preserves and jellies. 　　Along with this we were served Indian or China tea.and hot chocolate for my young daughter.Then the dapper waiter presented a vast tray holding many French pastries and cakes from which wecould choose.After several teeny sandwiches and a couple ofmarmalade-coated scones,a chocolateeclair seemed to add carbohydrate overload to carboload,but“when in England,do as the English do.” 　　This tea feast was served between 3:30 and 5:30p.m.Around 10:00p.m.,we had regained justenough appetite to sample some fish and chips (French fries),and then we put our weary stomachsand ourselves to bed.

Why does the author quote Maud Berkeley in the passage?

To exemplify how exquisite an English tea time ritual was.

解析：推断题。根据题干关键词“Maud Berkeley”定位至文章第七段。Maud Berkeley描述维多利亚时期的下午茶：Barnes夫人用可爱的桌布、各种花草装饰茶会；有人不习惯这种精致，把茶水洒在上面；“我”的羽毛围巾掉进了茶杯里，引起了围观者的警告和嬉笑，有人帮忙在厨房水槽边拧干……。据此可以推断，这个例子是为了说明英国的下午茶是多么精致。故本题选C。

[单选题]张老师这段时间对工作失去了热情，觉得工作没意思，同时总感觉疲劳，工作效率不高，那么张老师目前的状态属于职业倦怠( )方面的表现。

情绪耗竭

解析：职业倦怠一般包括以下三方面：去个性化、情绪耗竭、个人成就感低。情绪耗竭也称为情感衰竭：指没有活力，没有工作热情，感到自己的感情处于极度疲劳的状态。它被发现为职业倦怠的核心纬度，并具有最明显的症状表现。题干中，对工作失去热情，属于情绪耗竭。故选择C。去个性化，也称去人格化：指刻意在自身和工作对象间保持距离，对工作对象和环境采取冷漠、忽视的态度，对工作敷衍了事，个人发展停滞，行为怪僻，提出调度申请等。低个人成就感：指倾向于消极地评价自己，并伴有工作能力体验和成就体验的下降，认为工作不但不能发挥自身才能，而且是枯燥无味的繁琐事物。

[单选题]"学生如同泥坯，他能否成型，依赖于教师的雕塑"，这种说法忽视了学生的( )。

能动性

解析：以人为本的学生观强调，学生独立意义的人，学生有自己的主观能动性。学生确实具有向师性、可塑性的特点，但是学生能否成才，起决定性作用的还是其主观能动性，而题目中"他能否成型，依赖于教师的雕塑"的说法忽视了学生的主观能动性，故选择C项。