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题目：板书设计的作用是什么(8分)?板书的类型有哪些(列举至少三种并说明)(12分)?

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[单选题] The use of deferential language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman, which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her family and its male head. She is a dutiful daughter, wife, and mother, master of the domestic arts. The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she "treads softly in the world," elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form. Nowadays, it is commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic ideal. They are using fewer of the very deferential "women's" forms, and even using the few strong forms that are known as "men's." This, of course, attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women's language. Indeed, we didn't hear about "men's language" until people began to respond to girls' appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is considerable sentiment about the "corruption" of women's language-which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality-and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly camed out by the media. Yoshiko Matsumoto has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms as older women. This highly polite style is no doubt something that young women have been expected to "grow into"-after all, it is assign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one's social relations as well. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women-in a fashion analogous to little girls' use of a high-pitched voice to do "teacher talk" or "mother talk" in role play. The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change-of social change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainly not a sign of the "masculization" of girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be "masculine." Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools arid out. Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations to life stages, and adolescent girls are participating in new sub-cultural forms. Thus what may, to an older speaker, seem like "masculine" speech may seem to an adolescent like "liberated" or "hip" speech.

The highly polite style ________ according to Yoshiko Matsumoto.

is viewed as a sign of their maturity

解析：1.细节题。文中第一段提到了典型的日本女人受到孔子思想的影响，谦虚、优雅；只有 C选项不是日本女人的典型特征，故选C。 2.细节题。文中最后一段提到“The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change”即年轻女人使用的语言不再那么顺从，与B选项吻合，故选B。 3.细节题。文中第二段提到“This，of course，attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women's language”即日本媒体强烈反对女性用语中的去女性化现象。故选A。 4.细节题。文中第三段提到“…it is assign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one's social relations as well.”即高度有礼貌的语言被视为一种成熟和文雅，选项C符合题意。 5.细节题。文章最后一段提到“Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools and out"选项A符合题意，故选A。

[单选题]把大班教学、小班研究和个别教学三种教学形式结合起来的教学组织形式是( )。

特朗普制

解析：特朗普制又称"灵活的课程表"，它是美国教育学教授劳伊德.斗寺朗普于20世纪50年代提出的一种教学组织形式。这种教学形式把大班上课、小班研究和个别教学三种教学形式结合起来。故选择B。A选项，道尔顿制是指教师不再上课向学生系统的讲授教材，而只为学生指定自学参考书目、布置作业，由学生自学和独立作业，有疑难才请教师辅导。学习任务按月布置和检查。C选项，班级授课制是在1632年，由夸美纽斯系统论述。班级授课制又称课堂教学，是一种集体教学形式。是把一定数量的学生按年龄和知识程度编成固定的班级，根据周课表和作息时间表，安排教师有计划地向全班学生集体授课的一种教学组织形式。具有"班"、"课"、"时"的特点。D选项，分组教学制是指在按学生能力或学习成绩把他们分为水平不同的组进行教学。分组教学也是集体教学的一种形式。一般可分为外部分组和内部分组。