正确答案: C

The Secret of Effective Motivation

题目:21.请阅读Passage 1,完成第1~5小题。   Passage 1   There are two kinds of motive for engaging in any activity:internal and instrumental.If ascientist conducts research because she wants to discover important facts about the world,that'san internal motive,since discovering facts is inherently related to the activity of research.If sheconducts research because she wants to achieve scholarly renown,that's an instrumental motive,since the relation between fame and research is not so inherent.Often,people have both for doingthings.   What mix of motives-internal or instrumental or both-is most conducive to success? Youmight suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieverenown will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires.Surely twomotives are better than one.But as we and our colleagues argue in a paper newly published in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,instrumental motives are not always an asset andcan actually be counterproductive to success.   We analyzed data drawn from 11,320 <u>cadets</u>in nine entering classes at the United StatesMilitary Academy at West Point,all of whom rated how much each of a set of motives influencedtheir decision to attend the academy.The motives included things like a desire to get a good job laterin life and a desire to be trained as a leader in the United States Army.   How did the cadets fare,years later? How did their progress relate to their original motives forattending West Point?   We found,unsurprisingly,that the stronger their internal reasons were to attend West Point,themore likely cadets were to graduate and become commissioned officers.Also unsurprisingly,cadetswith internal motives did better in the military (as evidenced by early promotion recommendations)than did those without internal motives and were also more likely to stay in the military after theirfive years ofmandatory service.   Remarkably,cadets with strong internal and strong instrumental motives for attending WestPoint performed worse on every measure than did those with strong internal motives but weakinstrumental ones.They were less likely to graduate,less outstanding as military officers and lesscommitted to staying in the military.   Our study suggests that efforts should be made to structure activities so that instrumental consequences do not become motives.Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of theirwork,rather than on,say,the financial returns it will bring,may be the best way to improve not onlythe quality oftheir work but also their financial success.   There is a temptation among educators and instructors to use whatever motivational tools areavailable to recruit participants or improve performance.If the desire for military excellence andservice to country fails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs,then perhaps appeals to “moneyfor college,”“career training”or“seeing the world”will do the job.While this strategy may luremore recruits,it may also yield worse soldiers.Similarly,for students uninterested in learning,financial incentives for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may prompt them toparticipate,but it may result in less well-educated students.

解析:主旨题。全文以“动机”为话题进行叙述,并对两种动机即内部动机和功利性动机的功能展开阐述,重点讲述了人们应如何保持合理动机,才能对工作、生活产生积极影响,从而解释了有效动机的内涵。C项能够概括全文主旨。

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学习资料的答案和解析:

  • [单选题] 1974年,考古学家发掘出一艘南宋时期的“福船”,发掘地点为“海上丝绸之路”的起点、当时世界上著名的大港口。这一发掘地所在的城市是
  • 泉州

  • 解析:宋末至元代时,泉州成为中国第一大港,并与埃及的亚历山大港并称为“世界第一大港”,后因明清海禁而衰落,泉州是唯一被联合国教科文组织承认的海上丝绸之路起点。1974年在福建泉州港外出水了一艘南宋海船,船中残余的香料就有2000多公斤,其中有檀香,还有价格等同于黄金的龙涎香。

  • [单选题]学校派张老师参加省里组织的骨干教师培训,但按学校的相关规定,应扣除张老师500元的绩效工资。学校的这项规定( )。
  • 侵犯了教师权利

  • 解析:教师有获得报酬待遇权利。教师的报酬必须按时发放,不得拖欠教师的报酬,不得克扣或变相克扣教师的工资。教师有权要求足额支付工资报酬,包括基础工资、职务工资、课时津贴、奖金及其他津贴在内的所有工资收入。因此,学校扣除教师工资收入,侵犯了教师的报酬待遇权。故选择D。

  • [单选题]根据奥苏伯尔对有意义学习的分类,如果儿童听到"鸟"或看到文字的"鸟",就知道它代表实际的鸟.即使此时并未见到真实的鸟,儿童也能以语言或文字的形式在大脑中形成关于鸟的形象。这属于( )。
  • 抽象符号学习

  • 解析:抽象符号学习是指学习单个或一组符号的意义。符号学习尤其是言语符号学习,是一

  • [单选题]俗话说,"舍不得孩子套不住狼"。下列各项中,对此句理解不正确的是( )。
  • 只要舍得孩子,就能套得住狼

  • 解析:此题考查假言命题的推理规则,"舍不得孩子套不住狼"转换成推出形式为"舍不得孩子一套不住狼",那么其逆否命题为"套住狼一舍得孩子",四个选项中只有B项和该命题意思不符,故选择B项。

  • [单选题]下列关于我国古代科学技术的说法,正确的是( )。
  • 《黄帝内经》是我国现存最早医书

  • 解析:《黄帝内经》是我国现存最早的医书,B选项正确,故选择B。A选项,毕昇发明了活字印刷术,蔡伦改进了造纸术。C选项,《天工开物》被称为"中国17世纪的工艺百科全书"。D选项,祖冲之是中国南北朝时期杰出的数学家、天文学家。

  • [单选题]良好班集体形成的基础是( )。
  • 明确的共同目标

  • 解析:明确的共同目标是班集体成员共同努力的方向,也是良好班集体形成的基础。

  • [单选题]1806年发表的《普通教育学》,被誉为一部具有独立学科形态的教育学著作,其作者是德国教育学家( )。
  • 赫尔巴特

  • 解析:《普通教育学》是德国教育学家赫尔巴特于1806年发表的,它标志着规范教育学的建立。

  • [单选题]如果识记某材料10遍刚好能背诵,那么一般情况下,识记( )遍效果最好。
  • 15

  • 解析:有研究表明,学习的熟练程度达到学习量150%时,记忆效果最好,知识最牢固。

  • [多选题]材料:   风萧萧兮易水寒,壮士一去兮不复还。荆轲以此得名,而短短的两句诗乃永垂于千古。在诗里表现雄壮的情绪之难,在于令人心悦诚服,而不在嚣张夸大:在能表现出那暂时的感情后面蕴藏着的更永久更普遍的情操,而不在那一时的冲动。大约悲壮之辞往往易于感情用事,而人在感情之下便难于辨别真伪,于是字里行间不但欺骗了别人,而且欺骗了自己。许多一时兴高采烈的作品,事后自己读起来也觉得索然无味,正是那表现欺骗了自己的缘故。《易水歌》以轻轻二句遂为千古绝唱,我们读到它时,何尝一定要有荆轲的身世。这正是艺术的普遍性,它超越了时间与空间而诉之于那永久的情操。"萧萧"二字诗中常见。古诗:"白杨多悲风,萧萧愁杀人。""风萧萧"三字所以自然带起了一片高秋之意。古人说"登山临水兮送将归",而这里说:"壮士一去兮不复还",它们之间似乎是一个对照,又似乎是一个解释,我们不便说它究竟是什么,但我们却寻出了另外的一些诗句。这里我们首先记得那"明月照积雪"的辽阔。"明月照积雪",清洁而寒冷,所谓"琼楼玉宇,高处不胜寒"。《易水歌》点出了寒字,谢诗没有点出,但都因其寒而高,因其高而更多情致。杜诗说"风急天高猿啸哀",猿啸为什么要哀,我们自然无可解释。然而我们不见那"朔风劲且哀"吗?朔风是北风,它自然要刚劲无比,但这个衷字却正是这诗的传神之处。那么壮士这一去又岂可还乎?一去正是写一个劲字,不复还岂不又是一个哀字?天下巧合之事必有一个道理,何况都是名句,何况又各不相关。各不相关而有一个更深的一致,这便是艺术的普遍性。我们每当秋原辽阔,寒水明净,独立在风声萧萧之中,即使我们并非壮士,也必有壮士的胸怀,所以这诗便离开了荆轲而存在。它虽是荆轲说出来的,却属于每一个人。"枯桑知天风,海水知天寒",我们人与人之间的这一点相知,我们人与自然间的一点相得,这之间似乎可以说,又似乎不可以说,然而它却把我们的心灵带到了一个更辽阔的世界去。那广漠的原野乃是生命之所自来,我们在狭小的人生中早已把它忘记,在文艺上乃又认识了它,我们生命虽然短暂,在这里却有了永生的意味。专诸刺吴王,身死而功成;荆轲刺秦王,身死而事败。然而我们久已忘掉了专诸,而在赞美着荆轲。士固不可以成败论,而我们之更怀念荆轲,岂不正因为这短短的诗吗?诗人创造了诗,同时也创造了自己;它属于荆轲,也属于一切的人们。(选自林庚《说(易水歌)》)   问题:   (1)文章论述的中心观点是什么.请简要概括。(4分)   (2)怎样理解"诗人创造了诗,同时也创造了自己;它属于荆轲,也属于一切的人们"?请结合文本内容简要分析。(10分)   一首诗所描写的是某一个人物,但是也能使阅读这首诗的人们产生共鸣。所以"诗人创造了诗,同时也创造了自己;它属于荆轲,也属于一切的人们"。(3分)

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