正确答案: C

Negative.

题目：请阅读Passage 1，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　Today's adults grew up in schools designed to sort us into the various segments of our social and economic system.The amount of time available to learn was fixed: one year per grade.The amount learned by the end of that time was free to vary: some ofus leamed a great deal; some,very little.As we advanced through the grades,those who had learned a great deal in previous grades continued to build on those foundations.Those who had failed to master the early prerequisites within the allotted time failed to learn that which followed.After 12 or 13 years of cumulative treatment of this kinD.we were,in effect,spread along an achievement continuum that was ultimately reflected in each student's rank in class upon graduation. 　　From the very earliest grades,some students learned a great deal very quickly and consistently scored high on assessments.The emotional effect of this was to help them to see themselves as capable learners,and so these students became increasingly confident in school.That confidence gave them the inner emotional strength to take the risk of striving for more success because they believed that success was within their reach.Driven forward by this optimism,these students continued to try harD.and that effort continued to result in success for them.They became the academic and emotional winners.Notice that the trigger for their emotional strength and their learning success was their perception of their success on formal and informal assessments. 　　But there were other students who didn't fare so well.They scored very low on tests,beginning in the earliest grades.The emotional effect was to cause them to question their own capabilities as learners.They began to lose confidence,which,in turn,deprived them of the emotional reserves needed to continue to take risks.As their motivation warneD.of course,their performance <u>plummeted</u>.These students embarked on what they believed to be an irreversible slide toward inevitable failure and lost hope.Once again,the emotional trigger for their decision not to try was their perception of their performance on assessments. 　　Consider the reality-indeed.the paradox-of the schools in which we were reared.If some students worked hard and learned a lot,that was a positive result,and they would finish high in the rank order.But if some students gave up in hopeless failure,that was an acceptable result,too, because they would occupy places very low in the rank order.Their achievement results fed into the implicit mission of schools: the greater the spread of achievement among students,the more it reinforced the rank order.This is why,if some students gave up and stopped trying (even dropped out of school),that was regarded as the student's problem,not the teacher's or the school's. 　　Once again,please notice who is using test results to decide whether to strive for excellence or give up in hopelessness.The "data-based decision makers" in this process are students themselves.Students are deciding whether success is within or beyond reach,whether the learning is worth the required effort,and so whether to try or not.The critical emotions underpinning the decision making process include anxiety,fear of failure,uncertainty,and unwillingness to take risks-all triggered by students' perceptions of their own capabilities as reflected in assessment results. 　　Some students responded to the demands of such environments by working hard and learning a great deal.Others controlled their anxiety by giving up and not caring.The result for them is exactly the opposite of the one society wants.Instead of leaving no child behinD.these practices,in effect,drove down the achievement of at least as many students as they successfully elevated.And the evidence suggests that the downside victims are more frequently members of particular socioeconomic and ethnic minorities.

解析：态度题。作者在第二、三段分别阐述了学校的评估对于学习好的学生和学习不好的学生的情感效应，即学习好的学生越来越积极，学习不好的学生越来越消极。第四段提到即使学生成绩不好甚至辍学，这也被认为是学生自己的问题，而不是学校或教师的责任。作者的观点是学校不该让学生越来越消极。通过整篇的用词诸如最后一段“the downside victims”等可知，作者对于学校旧的评估工作是持消极态度的。故本题选C。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]下列属于第二信号系统的条件反射的是( )。

谈梅生津

解析：凡是能够引起条件反应的以语言为中介的条件刺激叫作第二信号系统。凡是能够引起条件反应的物理性的条件刺激叫作第一信号系统。A、C、D都是第一信号系统。

[单选题]人们经常借助于外在的具体形式，如画图表、路线图等表征问题，这是( )的过程。

理解问题

解析：所谓理解问题就是分析问题、抓住问题关键、找出主要矛盾的过程。对问题进行分类、画图表、画路线圈等表征问题是理解问题的过程。

[多选题]下列有关素质教育说法正确的是( )。

素质教育以人的素质发展为核心

素质教育关注的是人的发展质量

解析：素质教育以人为核心，关注的是人的发展。素质教育强调为学生的发展奠定基础，同时又要发展学生的个性，因而素质教育对学生的要求是合格加特长，因此素质教育不是特长教育，A项说法过于片面。人的素质有高有低，就需要一种机制来测评其高低，考试就是测试中的一种形式。素质教育是离不开考试的，只是考试的形式变化了而已，这种考试更加有利于素质教育的实施，因此D项说法有误。

[单选题]提出道德认识发展阶段的代表人物是( )。

科尔伯格

解析：科尔伯格用两难故事法，在道德判断的发展方面鉴别出了六个阶段。他将这些阶段划分成三种道德水平：前习俗水平、习俗水平和后习俗水平。

[多选题]双轨制主要存在于19世纪的亚洲国家。( )

解析：双轨制主要存在于19世纪的欧洲国家。

[单选题]心理学把教师期望的预言效应称为( )。

罗森塔尔效应

解析：心理学家把教师期望的预言称为罗森塔尔效应，也叫皮格马利翁效应。

[单选题]"矮个子里拔高个"指的是学生评价中的个体差异评价。( )A.正确B.错误

解析："矮个子里拔高个"指的是相对评价，相对性评价又称为常模参照性评价，是运用常模参照性测验对学生的学习成绩进行的评价。它主要依据学生个人的学习成绩在该班学生成绩序列或常模中所处的位置来评价和决定他的成绩的优劣，而不考虑他是否达到教学目标的要求。而个体内差异评价是对被评价者的过去和现在进行比较，或将评价对象的不同方面进行比较。

[单选题]课堂教学是师生以知识为中心、以发展学生学习能力为目标展开的教与学的互动过程，而高效的课堂教学建立于教师主导的师生间的良好互动。在师生互动中教师了解和研究学生的基本方法是( )。

观察法

解析：观察法是教师了解和研究学生的基本方法：谈话法是一种积极、主动了解学生的方法：调查法是深入了解和研究学生的一种方法，包括问卷和座谈等。