正确答案: A

生产力的发展和文字的出现

题目：学校教育是社会发展到一定阶段的产物，其产生的基本条件是( )。

解析：经济基础决定上层建筑，当生产力发展到一定水平，一部分人有可能脱离生产劳动，当语言的发展到了文字的出现后，学校便出现了。学校的出现是教育形成自己相对独立形态的标志。教育便有了两种形态：专门化的学校教育：依然在生产劳动过程中进行的非学校教育。故选择A。B项，西方最早的职业教师是"智者派"，产生于希腊奴隶主政治制度的鼎盛时期。C项，中世纪后期，在乌克兰和白俄罗斯的兄弟会学校中，出现了班级授课制的萌芽。德国教育家斯图谟在斯特腊斯堡主持文科中学时，曾把学生分为十个年级。关于学年制和班级授课制问题，只是在夸美纽斯的《大教学论》才第一次得到详细的论述。D项，教学方法的系统化是学校教育产生之后的其中一个表现，而不是产生的条件。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]作为依法治国的重要组成部分，()是我国教育事业改革和发展的客观要求。

依法执教

解析：依法执教就是教师要依据法律法规履行教书育人的职责，是我国教育事业改革和发展的客观要求。即教师的教育教学行为要在法律法规允许的范围内进行。教师要讲法律，用法律来规范自己的行为，不做法律禁止的事情。教育教学要遵循教育法律法规。故选择D。

[单选题]世界上第一部马克思主义教育学著作是凯洛夫的( )。

《教育学》

解析：凯洛夫的《教育学》，被公认为世界上第一部马克思主义的教育学著作，对我国建国后乃至现在的教育都产生了很大的影响。故选择B。A项，赞可夫的《教学与发展》：提出了发展性教学理论的五条教学原则，即高难度、高速度、理论知识起主导作用、理解学习过程、使所有学生包括差生都得到发展的原则。C项，苏霍姆林斯基《给教师的建议》（也称为《给教师的一百条建议》）、《把整个心灵献给孩子》、《帕夫雷什中学》等著作中，系统论述了他的全面和谐教育思想。他的著作被称为"活的教育学"。D项，《塔上旗》是前苏联教育家、作家马卡连柯的中篇小说；他的其他作品还有《教育诗》，主要描写他在高尔基工学团的故事。马卡连柯提出了尊重与严格要求的德育原则，以及集体主义教育的原则（又称平行教育原则）。

[单选题]奥苏伯尔认为，适用于年幼的儿童与年长的学生学习新学科或新材料早期的学习方式是( )。

发现学习

解析：奥苏伯尔认为，发现学习适用于年幼的儿童以及年长的学生学习新学科或新材料的早期学习。

[单选题]写作、阅读与解题技能属于心智技能。( )A.正确B.错误

解析：心智技能，又被称为智慧技能或智力技能。它是一种借助于内部语言在人脑中进行的认知活动方式，如默读、心算、写作、观察和分析等技能。

[单选题]有守恒、思维可逆并达到了去自我中心特点的是皮亚杰认知发展阶段的( )。

具体运算阶段

解析：在具体运算阶段内，儿童的认知结构由前运算阶段的表象图式演化为运算图式。具体运算阶段思维的特点：具有守恒性、去自我中心性和可逆性。

[单选题]初中生孙某在课间活动时跌倒摔伤，其亲属在事故处理过程中无理取闹，扰乱学校教育教学秩序。依据《学生伤害事故处理办法》，此种情形下，学校应当( )。

报告公安机关处理

解析：《学生伤害事故处理办法》第三十六条规定，"受伤害学生的监护人、亲属或者其他有关人员，在事故处理过程中无理取闹，扰乱学校正常教育教学秩序，或者侵犯学校、学校教师或者其他工作人员的合法权益的，学校应当报告公安机关依法处理；造成损失的，可以依法要求赔偿"。故本题选B。

[单选题]21.请阅读Passage 1，完成第1～5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　In recent years,however,society has come to understand the limitations of schools that merelysort and rank students.We have discovered that students in the bottom one-third to one-half of therank order-plus all who drop out before being ranked-fail to develop the foundational reading,writing,and mathematical proficiencies needed to survive in,let alone contribute to,an increasingly technically complex and ethnically diverse culture.So today,in asking schools to leave no childbehind,society is asking that educators raise up the bottom of the rank-order distribution to aspecified level of competence.We call those expectations our“academic achievement standards”.Every state has them,and,as a matter of public policy,schools are to be held accountable formaking sure that all students meet them. 　　To be clear,the mission of sorting has not been eliminated from the schooling process.Forthe foreseeable future,students will still be ranked at the end of high school.However,society nowdictates that such a celebration of differences in amount learned must start at a certain minimumlevel of achievement for all. 　　The implications of this change in mission for the role of assessment are profound.Assessmentand grading procedures designed to permit only a few students to succeed (those at the top of therank-order distribution) must now be revised to permit the possibility that all students could succeedat some appropriate level.Furthermore,procedures that pennitted (perhaps even encouraged) somestudents to give up in hopelessness and to stop trying must now be replaced by others that promotehope and continuous effort.In short,the entire emotional environment surrounding the prospect ofbeing evaluated must change,especially for perennial low achievers. 　　The students' mission is no longer merely to beat other students in the achievement race,At least part of their goal must be to become competent.teachers must believe that all studentscan achieve a certain level of academic success,must bring all of their students to believe thISOf themselves,must “accommodate” the fact that students learn at different rates by making use of differentiated instruction,and must guide all students toward the attainment of standards. 　　The driving dynamic force for students cannot merely be competition for an artificialscarcity of success.Because all students can and must succeed in meeting standards,cooperationand collaboration must come into play.The driving forces must be confidence,optimism,andpersistence-for all,not just for some.All students must come to believe that they can succeedat learning if they try.They must have continuous access to evidence of what they believe to be credible academic success,however small.This new understanding has spawned increased interestin formative assessment in recent years.

What do the “academic achievement standards”in Paragraph l refer to?

Differentiated levels of competence specified for students with different abilities.

解析：细节题。根据关键词所在句子“We call those expectations our‘academic achievementstandards’.”可知其对应的就是“those expectations”所指的内容。根据前面一句话“...societyis asking that educators raise up the bottom ofthe rank-order distribution to a specified level of competence.”可确定答案为C。