正确答案: D

一切培养人的活动

题目：广义的教育是指( )。

解析：广义的教育是人类特有的一种社会现象，是一种促进人的素质发展的社会活动，凡是他人和自我有目的地增进人的知识技能、影响人的思想品德等素质发展的活动，都是教育。故选择D。A项，学校教育是与社会教育相对的概念。专指受教育者在各类学校内所接受的各种教育活动，是教育制度重要组成部分。一般说来，学校教育包括学前教育、初等教育、中等教育、高等教育、职业教育和特殊教育等。B项，广义的社会教育指一切社会生活影响于个人身心发展的教育：狭义的则指学校教育以外的一切文化教育设施对青少年、儿童和成人进行的各种教育活动。现代社会教育是学校教育的重要补充。C项，传统的家庭教育是在家庭生活中，由家长对其子女实施的教育，即家长有意识地通过自己的言传身教和家庭生活实践，对子女施以一定教育影响的社会活动。按照现代观念家庭教育包括：生活中家庭成员（包括父母和子女等）之间相互的影响和数育。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]教师不直接将学习内容提供给学生，而是为学生创设问题情境，引导学生去探究和发现新知识和问题的方法是( )。

发现法

解析：发现法是学生在教师的指导下，对所提出的课题和所提供的材料，进行分析、综合、抽象和概括，最后得出原理的方法。它是由美国教育家布鲁纳所倡导的。讲授法是教师通过口头语言系统连贯地向学生传授知识的方法。掌握学习理论由布卢姆提出，他认为只要在提供恰当的材料和进行教学的同时，给每个学生以适度的帮助和充分的时间（即学习机会），那么几乎所有学生都能完成学习任务或达到规定的目标。讨论法是学生在教师指导下为解决某个问题而进行探讨、辨明是非真伪，以获取知识的方法。

[单选题]考试时注意自己的答题速度和时间，属于( )。

监控策略

解析：考试时监视自己的速度和时间属于元认知策略中的监控策略。

[单选题]英国心理学家艾萨克根据内倾一外倾和稳定一不稳定两个维度对人的( )加以区分。

性格

解析：英国心理学家艾萨克根据内倾一外倾和稳定一不稳定两个维度对人的性格进行了区分。

[单选题]课堂气氛的类型主要包括( )。①积极的课堂气氛②消极的课堂气氛⑧一般型课堂气氛④对抗的课堂气氛

①②④

解析：本题考查课堂气氛的类型。课堂气氛包括积极的课堂气氛、消极的课堂气氛和对抗的课堂气氛。故选择B。

[单选题]Passage 1 　　Today's adults grew up in and economic system. The amount of time available to learn was fixed: one year per grad amount learned by the end of that time was free to vary: some of us learned a great deal;some, very little. As we advanced through the grades,those who had learned a great deal in previous grades continued to build on those foundations. Those who had failed to master the early prerequisites with in the allotted time failed to learn that which followed. After 12 or 13 years of cumulative treatment of this kind, we were, in effect, spread along an achievement continuum that was ultimately reflected in each students rank in class upon graduation. 　　From the very earliest grades, some students learned a great deal very quickly and consistently scored high on assessments. The emotional effect of this was to help them to see themselves as cap-able learners, and so these students became increasingly confident in school. That confidence gave them the inner emotional strength to take the risk of striving for more success because they believed that success was within their reach. Driven forward by this optimism, these students continued to try hard, and that effort continued to result in success for them. they became the academic and emotional winners. Notice that the trigger for their emotional strength and their learning success was their perception of their success on formal and informal assessments. 　　But there were other students who didn't fare so well. They scored very low on tests, beginning in the earliest grades. The emotional effect was to cause them to question their own capabilities as learners. They began to lose confidence, which, in turn, deprived them of the emotional reserves needed to continue to take risks. As their motivation warned, of course, their performance plummeted These students embarked on what they believed to be an irreversible slide toward inevitable failure and lost hope. Once again, the emotional trigger for their decision not to try was their perception of their performance on assessments. 　　Consider the reality--indeed, the paradox--of the schools in which we were reared. If some students worked hard and learned a lot, that was a positive result, and they would finish high in the rank order. But if some students gave up in hopeless failure, that was an acceptable result, too, because they would occupy places very low in the rank order. Their achievement results fed into the implicit mission of schools: the greater the spread of achievement among students, the more it rein-forced the rank order. This is why, if some students gave up and stopped trying(even dropped out of school) that was regarded as the students problem not the teachers or the school's. 　　Once again, please notice who is using test results to decide whether to strive for excellence or give up in hopelessness. The "data-based decision makers"in this process are students themselves Students are deciding whether success is within or beyond reach, whether the learning is worth the required effort, and so whether to try or not. The critical emotions underpinning the decision making process include anxiety, fear of failure, uncertainty, and unwillingness to take risks all triggered by students' perceptions of their own capabilities as reflected in assessment results. 　　Some students responded to the demands of such environments by working hard and learning a great deal. Others controlled their anxiety by giving up and not caring. The result for them is exactly the opposite of the one society wants. Instead of leaving no child behind, these practices, in effect,drove down the achievement of at least as many students as they successfully elevated. And the evidence suggests that the downside victims are more frequently members of particular socioeconomic and ethnic minorities. 　　Passage 1

Which of the following will be triggered by the assessment results according to the passage?

Students' learning efforts

解析：由倒数第二段可知，根据考试结果决定继续努力还是放弃的是学生自己，在做此决定的过程中的重要情感都是由学生对于自己在考试中反映出的能力的态度所决定的。故选择A。