正确答案: B

张某父母的做法不合法，侵犯了张某的受教育权

题目：年满14岁的初中学生张某学习成绩不好，不想上学。父母让其辍学到城里务工，一家汽修厂安排张某当学徒。下列说法正确的是( )。

解析：受教育权包括两个基本要素：一是公民均有上学接受教育的权利；二是国家提供教育设施，培养教师，为公民受教育创造必要机会和物质条件。张某的父母让未满18周岁的孩子工作，不让继续学习，这侵犯了他的受教育权。汽修厂用工不合法，违反了《未成年人保护法》。所以选B。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]制约人们受教育权利的首要因素是( )。

政治制度

解析：社会政治制度决定受教育的权利。在阶级社会，统治阶级总是要采取种种直接或间接的手段，决定和影响受教育权利在社会中的分配，决定谁享有受学校教育的权利，谁不享有学校教育的权利，谁有受什么样学校教育的权利等问题。所以，制约人们受教育权利的首要因素是政治制度。

[单选题]注重培养学生探究精神与能力的课程是( )。

研究型课程

解析：研究型课程是以"培养学生具有永不满足、追求卓越的态度，培养学生发现问题、提出问题，从而解决问题的能力"为基本目标，注重培养学生探究精神与能力。

[单选题]以自尊心，荣誉感，自信心，胜任感等心理因素表现出来的学习发动机属于( )。

自我提高内驱力

解析：自我提高内驱力是指个体由自己的学业成绩而获得相应的地位和威望的需要。它不直接指向知识和学习任务本身，而是把学业成绩看成是赢得地位和自尊的根源，它首先由奥苏贝尔提出。故选择B。A选项，认知内驱力是一种要求了解和理解周围事物的需要，要求掌握知识的需要，以及系统的阐述问题和解决问题的需要，在学习活动中，认知内驱力指向学习任务本身（为了获得知识），是一种重要的和稳定的动机。由于需要的满足（知识的获得）是由学习本身提供的，因而也称为内部动机。C选项，附属内驱力是指为了保持长者们（如教师、家长）或集体的赞许或认可，而表现出要把学习或工作做好的一种需要。这种动机特征在年幼儿童的学习活动中比较突出，表现为追求良好的学习成绩，目的就是要得到赞扬和认可。它首先由奥苏贝尔提出。D选项，教学过程中内驱力一般分三类：认知内驱力、自我提高的内驱力、附属内驱力。没有社会发展内驱力。

[单选题]小学生对乘法运算规则的掌握会有助于其更加熟练地掌握加减运算，这种学习迁移属于( )。

逆向正迁移

解析：顺向迁移是先前学习对后继学习产生的影响，逆向迁移是后继学习对先前学习产生的影响。对于小学生来说，乘法运算的学习一般是在加减运算之后，所以这是一种逆向迁移：正迁移是一种学习对另一种学-J的积极影响，负迁移是一种学习对另一种学习的消极影响。从"有助于"可以看出这是一种正迁移。

[单选题]在教师引导下学生经过自觉学习、自我反思和自我行为调节，使自身品德不断完善的一种德育方法是( )。

自我修养法

解析：自我修养法，也叫道德修养法、道德指导法、个人修养法。教师指导学生自觉主动地进行学习、自我反省，以实现思想转化及行为控制。故选择C。教育方法中没有自我调节法和自我评价法，故排除B、D选项。A项，自我锻炼法是教师指导学生参加各种实践活动，以形成一定的道德品质和行为习惯的一种方法。

[单选题] There are three kinds of goals: short-term, medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities, which we can apply on a daily basis. Such goals can be achieved in a week or less, or two weeks, or possible months. It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation, our long-term goals cannot amount to very much without the achievement of solid short-term goals. Upon completing our short-term goals, we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed. The intermediate goals bulk on the foundation of the short-range goals. They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year, or they could even extend for several years. Any time you move a step at a time, you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step, you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow and succeed. And as your list of completion dates grow, your motivation and desire will increase. Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing. We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.

New short-term goals are built upon ________.

the goals that have been completed

解析：1.细节题。短文第一段指出“…our long-term goals cannot amount to very much without the achievement of solid short-term goals.”即长期目标是否有意义，取决于我们是否打好了基础，即是否完成了短期目标。故选项A正确。 2.细节题。短文第一段最后一句指出“…then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.”由此可知，我们应该根据已完成的目标来确立新的短期目标。故答案为D。 3.细节题。短文第二段指出“As you complete each step，you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow and succeed.”即每完成一步，你就会更加相信你成长和成功的能力。故选项C正确。 4.细节题。短文最后两句指出“Life is not a static thing. We should never allow a long- term goal to limit us or our course of action.”即人生不会静止不变。我们决不应当让目标束缚我们的手脚，限制我们的行动进程。由此可知目标不是固定不变的，人们可以根据需要改变目标。故选项B正确。 5.推断题。短文主要讲述了三种目标的特点和作用，同时也指出了树立目标的重要性。由此可推断，作者认为每一个人都应该确立一个目标。故选项D正确。

[单选题] The Earth has been stripped of up to90% of its species five times before in the past 450 million years. Now it's about to happen again-and this time there's no rogue asteroid (小行星) to blame. One of the first great rules of terrestrial biology is that no species is forever. The Earth has gone through five major extinction events before. The result of all of the extinctions was the same: death, a lot of it. As increasingly accepted theories have argued-and as the Science papers show-we are now in the midst of the sixth great extinction, the unsettlingly-named Anthropocene(人类纪), or the age of the humans. As the authors of all this loss, we are doing our nasty work in a lot of ways. Overexploitation-which is to say killing animals for food, clothing or the sheer perverse pleasure of it-plays a big role. So we get elephants slaughtered for their tusks, thinos poached (偷猎) for their homs and tigers shot and skinned for their pelts, until oops-no more elephants, thinos or tigers. Habitat destruction is another big driver, particularly in rainforests. And you don't even have to chop or burn an ecosystem completely away to threaten its species; sometimes all it takes is cutting a few roads across it or building a few farms or homes in the wrong spots. Then too there is global warming, which makes once-hospitable habitats too hot or dry or stormy for species adapted to different conditions. Finally, as TIME's Bryan Walsh wrote in last week's cover story, there are invasive species-pests like the giant African snail, the lionfish-which hitch a ride into a new ecosystem on ships or packing material, or are brought in as pets, and then reproduce wildly, crowding out native species. It oughtn't to take appealing to our self-interest to get us to quit making such a mess of what we're increasingly coming to learn is an exceedingly destructible world. But it's that very self-interest that led us to make that mess in the first place. We can either start to change our ways, or we can keep going the way we are-at least until the Anthropocene extinction claims one final species: our own.

What is the best title for this Passage?

The Sixth Great Extinction Is Underway-And We're to Blame

解析：1.细节题。“The Earth has been stripped of up to 90% of its species five times before in the past 450 million years”意为在过去的4.5亿年中，地球曾经五次损失了90%的生物。A中错在不是现在，而是在过去的4.5亿年。B、C、D都符合文意。本题考察的是对成分复杂句子的解读。 2.词义题。文章前面一直在说之前的五次物种大灭绝，后面要引出的是这一次的物种消亡。提到了“it's about to happen again”和“this time”，可见之前的灭亡原因是小行星。故选D。A、B都是字面意思，而C意思相反。 3.细节题。全文都在讲述造成大灭绝的原因，A项出自“overexploitation-which is to say killing animals for food，clothing or the sheer perverse pleasure of it-plays a big role”，但是逻辑有误，以动物为食只是其中一个原因，故选A。而B、C、D都可以在文中找到。 4.细节题。细节的位置在“there are invasive species…which hitch a ride into a new ecosystem on ships or packing material, or are brought in as pets, and then reproduce wildly, crowding out native species”，介绍了入侵物种的来源和危害，它们都由船或包装物或作为宠物带来，迅速繁殖，进而挤走了本地生物。A、B、C在句中都可以找出，D错在入侵物种不一定是吃掉了本地物种。 5.主旨题。文章以之前的大灭绝开头，引入人类面临的大灭绝，在介绍了造成灭绝的原因后，提出了倡议，不仅有客观，而且有对于人类前途的担忧和建议。反观这几个题目．A只强调了客观原因，C项过于含糊，D项只提到了倡议，只有B最为全面。

[单选题]郭阳同学近来总是不由自主地重复洗手，即便是洗了几遍仍然认为没洗干净。明知没有必要，却不能控制自己。这说明他可能患了

强迫症

解析：强迫症指的是一组以强迫症状(主要包括强迫观念和强迫行为)为主要临床表现的神经症。强迫观念指当事人身不由己地思考他不想考虑的事情，强迫行为指当事人反复去做他不希望执行的动作，如果不这样想、不这样做，他就会感到极端焦虑。强迫洗手、强迫计数、反复检查、强迫性仪式动作是生活中常见的强迫症状。题干中郭阳同学表现出的行为属于强迫行为，所以他有可能患上了强迫症。