正确答案: B

Introducing new evidence to what has been confirmed before.

题目：请阅读 Passage 1,完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　When the Viaduct de Millau opened in the south of France in 2004,this tallest bridge in the world won worldwide <u>accolades</u>.German newspapers described how it "fioated above the clouds" with "elegance and lightness" and "breathtaking" beauty.In France,papers praised the "immense" "concrete giant".Was it mere coincidence that the Germans saw beauty where the French saw heft and power? Lera Borodisky thinks not. 　　In a series of clever experiments guided by pointed questions,Boroditsky is amassing evidence that,yes,language shapes thought.The effect is powerful enough,she says,that "the private mental lives of speakers of different languages may differ dramatically" ,not only when they are thinking in order to speak,"but in all manner of cognitive tasks" ,including basic sensory perception."Even a small fluke of grammar" -the gender of nouns- "can have an effect on how people think about things in the world." she says. 　　<u>As in that bridge</u>,in German,the noun for bridge,Brucke,is feminine.In French,pont is masculine.German speakers saw prototypically female features; French speakers,masculine ones. Similarly,Germans describe keys (Schlussel) with words such as harD.heavy,jaggeD.and metal,while to Spaniards keys (llaves) are golden,intricate,little,and lovely.Guess which language construes key as masculine and which as feminine? Grammatical gender also shapes how we construe abstractions.In 85 percent of artistic depictions of death and victory,for instance,the idea is represented by a man if the noun is masculine and a woman if it is feminine,says Boroditsky. Germans tend to paint death as male,and Russians tend to paint it as female. 　　Language even shapes what we see.People have a better memory for colors if different shades have distinct names-not English's light blue and dark blue,for instance,but Russian's goluboy and sinly.Skeptics of the language-shapes-thought claim have argued that that's a trivial finding, showing only that people remember what they saw in both a visual form and a verbal one,but not proving that they actually see the hues differently.In an ingenious experiment,however,Boroditsky and colleagues showed volunteers three color swatches and asked them which of the bottom two was the same as the top one.Native Russian speakers were faster than English speakers when the colors had distinct names,suggesting that having a name for something allows you to perceive it more sharply.Similarly,Korean uses one word for "in" when one object is in another snugly,and a different one when an object is in something loosely.Sure enough,Korean adults are better than English speakers at distinguishing tight fit from loose fit. 　　Science has only scratched the surface of how language affects thought.In Russian,verb forms indicate whether the action was completed or not-as in "she ate ［and finished］the pizza" .In Turkish,verbs indicate whether the action was observed or merely rumored.Boroditsky would love to run an experiment testing whether native Russian speakers are better than others at noticing if an action is completed.and if Turks have a heightened sensitivity to fact versus hearsay.Similarly,while English says "she broke the bowl" even if it smashed accidentally,Spanish and Japanese describe the same event more like "the bowl broke itself" ."When we show people video of the same event," says Boroditsky,"English speakers remember who was to blame even in an accident,but Spanish and Japanese speakers remember it less well than they do intentional actions.<u>It raises questions about whether language affects even something as basic as how we construct our ideas of causality."</u>

解析：推断题。从As in that bridgeF在的这句话，“在德语中，桥是阴性的；在法语中，桥是阳性的”，可知此处是上文理论基础上的事实论证。故本题选B。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]教师不能对学生实施体罚，变相体罚或其他侮辱人格尊严的行为，因为学生具有( )。

人格尊严权

解析：学生的人格尊严权是指学校和教师应当尊重学生尊严，不得对学生实施体罚、变相体罚或其他侮辱人格尊严的行为，故选择A。B选项，人身自由权是指学校和教师不得以任何理由随意对学生进行搜查，不得对学生关禁闭。C选项，身心健康权是指保护学生的生命健康、人身安全、心理健康等内容。D选项，隐私权是指学校和教师有义务保护学生私人、不愿或不便让他人干涉的、与公共利益无关的信息或生活领域不被他人所知的权利。

[单选题]电影中活动的画面主要是利用了人的( )。

视觉后像

解析：外界刺激停止作用后，暂时保留的感觉印象叫感觉后像。电影中活动的画面正是利用了人的视觉后像原理。

[单选题]个体在各个时期都面临着不同的发展任务，这体现了人身心发展的特征是( )。

阶段性

解析：阶段性，强调不同阶段学生有不同发展特点，有不同的教育内容和教育方法。故选择B。A选项，顺序性，强调发展过程是由低级到高级，有顺序的发展过程。教学启示为要循序渐进，不能"拔苗助长"。C选项，个体发展的不平衡性告诉我们，人有其发展的关键期和最佳期。所谓发展关键期是指身体或心理的某一方面机能和能力最适宜于形成的时期。在关键期内施加教育影响，可以起到事半功倍的效果，错过了关键期的教育，往往事倍功半。因此教育必须适应人的发展的不平衡性，在人的素质发展的关键期内，施以相应的教育，促进该素质的发展。D选项，个体差异是指个体与个体之间发展水平，发展速度等之间的差异。教育启示为因材施教。

[单选题]学生先学习了苹果、香蕉的概念，再来学习水果的概念，这属于( )。

上位学习

解析：当新知识的抽象、概括和包摄性高于旧知识，新旧知识建立上位联系时，这种学习称为上位学习。因为苹果、香蕉属于水果，所以学生先学习苹果、香蕉的概念，再学习水果的概念属于上位学习。

[单选题]卢梭的教育思想属于( )。

自然主义教育思想

解析：卢梭认为让儿童顺其自然发展才是好的教育，甚至认为越是远离社会影响的教育才是越好的教育，由此提出了自然主义教育思想。

[单选题] A decade ago, the idea that the planet was warming up as a result of human activity was largely theoretical. We knew that since the Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, factories and power plants and automobiles and farms have been loading the atmosphere with heat-trapping gases, including carbon dioxide and methane (甲烷). But evidence that the climate was actually getting hotter was still murky. Not anymore. As an.authoritative report issued a few weeks ago by the United Nations-sponsored Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change makes plain, the trend toward a warmer world has unquestionably begun. Worldwide temperatures have climbed more than 0.5℃ over the past century, and the 1990s were the hottest decade on record. After analyzing data going back at least two decades on everything from air and ocean temperatures to the spread and retreat of wildlife, the IPCC asserts that this slow but steady warming has had an impact on no fewer than 420 physical processes and animals and plant species in all countries. Glaciers, including the legendary snows of Kilimanjaro, are disappearing from mountaintops around the globe. Coral reefs are dying off as the seas get too warm for comfort. Drought is the norm in parts of Asian and Africa. El Nino (厄尔尼诺) events, which trigger devastating weather in the eastern Pacific, are more frequent. The Arctic permafrost (永久冻土带) is starting to melt. Lakes and rivers in colder climates are freezing later and thawing earlier each year. Plants and animals are shifting their ranges pole-ward and to higher altitudes, and migration patterns for animals as diverse as polar bears, butterflies and beluga whales are being disrupted.

Temperatures all over the world ________.

were the highest in 1990s

解析：1.细节题。本题的定位在“A decade ago，the idea that the planet was warming up as a result of human activity was largely theoretical""but evidence that the climate was actually getting hotter was still murky…not anymore”即十年前，这种观点只是理论上的，证据是模糊的，而现在再不是了。故选D。 2.细节题。由文中“the trend toward a warmer world has unquestionably begun”，可见该机构的人员认为这种变暖毫无疑问已经开始了。A、B不符合文意，D没有提及。故选C正确。 3.细节题。定位为“worldwide temperatures have climbed more than 0.5℃ over the past century，and the 1990s were the hottest decade on record”，即在过去的一世纪中，世界气温上涨了0.5℃，而20世纪90年代是史上最热的十年。A项错误，C和D项没有提及。 4.细节题。关于亚洲和非洲的描述出现在文章的最后一段。其中提到了干旱，永久冻土带正在消融，河水和湖水的冰冻时间推后，日渐消融，植物和动物都不断向高海拔移动，动物的迁徙被打乱等等。B、C、D都没有提及，故选A，动物正向别处搬家正确。 5.主旨题。文章主要是介绍全球变暖对于地球上生物生活的影响，并没有介绍变暖的原因和责备人类造成了气候变暖，故B和C错误。D项过于偏颇。故选A。