正确答案: D

The development of the use of "coming out".

题目：Passage 1 NBA centre Jason Collins recently announced he was gay in a cover story for Sports Illustraied. In other words, he "came out of the closet." This expression for revealing one's homosexuality may seem natural. Being in the closet implies hiding from the outside world, and the act of coming out of it implies the will to stop hiding. But though the closet has long been a metaphor for privacy or secrecy, its use with reference to homosexuality is relatively recent. According to George Chauncey's comprehensive history of modern gay culture, Gay New York, the closet metaphor was not used by gay people until the 1960s. Before then, it doesn't appear anywhere "in the records of the gay movement or in the novels, diaries, or letters of gay men and lesbians." "Coming out," however, has long been used in the gay community, but it first meant something different than it does now. "A gay man's coming out originally referred to his being formally presented to the largest collective manifestation of prewar gay society, the enormous dra~; balls that were patterned on the debutante and masquerade balls of the dominant culture and were regularly held in New York, Chicago, New Orleans, Baltimore, and other cities." The phrase "coming out" did not refer to coming out of hiding, but to joining into a society of peers. The phrase was borrowed from the world of debutante balls, where young women "came out" in being officially introduced to society. The gay debutante balls were a matter of public record and often covered in the newspaper, so "coming out" within gay society often meant revealing your sexual orientation in the wider society as well, but the phrase didn't necessarily carry the implication that if you hadn't yet come out, you were keeping it a secret. There were other metaphors for the act of hiding or revealing homosexuality. Gay people could "wear a mask" or "take off the mask". A man could "wear his hair up" or "let his hair down", or "drop hairpins" that would only be recognized by other gay men. It is unclear exactly when gay people start.ed using the closet metaphor, but "it may have been used initially because many men who remained 'covert' thought of their homosexuality as a sort of 'skeleton in the closet'." It may also have come from outsiders who viewed it that way. It seems that "coming out of the closet" was born as a mixture of two metaphors: a debutante proudly stepping into the arms of a community and a shocking secret being kept in hiding. Now the community is the wider community, and the secret is no longer shocking. "Coming out" is a useful phrase, but it need not imply a closet.

解析：本文以"NBA中锋杰森?柯林斯最近在《体育画报》的封面故事中宣布他是同性恋"一事引入文章的主题--"出柜"，接着文章探索了"出柜"一词的出现时间、适用对象及其意义的演变过程，最后提到，如今"出柜"一词意义更广了，因此，本文主要讲述了"出柜"一词应用的发展演变过程，D项符合。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]人在阅读文艺作品、历史文献，学生听老师对课文生动形象描述时，头脑中出现的有关事物的形象都属于( )。

再造想象

解析：根据语言的表述或非语言的描绘（图样、图解、模型、符号记录等）在头脑中形成有关事物形象的想象，就是再造想象。

[单选题]在马斯洛需求层次理论中，追求个人特有潜能的充分发挥、理想和自我价值的完美实现属于( )的需要。

自我实现

解析：自我实现的需要是指追求自我理想的实现，是充分发挥个人潜能和才能的心理需要，也是创造力和自我价值得到体现的需要。故选择D。A选项，生理需要是人类维持自身生存的最基本要求，包括饥、渴、衣、住、性的方面的要求。安全需要指人身安全、健康保障、资源所有性、财产所有性、道德保障、工作职位保障、家庭安全、社会安定和国际和平。B选项，归属和爱的需要也称为社交需要，包括被人爱与热爱他人、希望交友融洽、保持和谐的人际关系、被团体接纳的归属感等。C选项，归属和爱的需要也称为社交需要，包括被人爱与热爱他人、希望交友融洽、保持和谐的人际关系、被团体接纳的归属感等。

[单选题]《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》的实施日期是( )。

1999年11月1日

解析：《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》实施日期是1999年11月1日；故选择A。《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》实施日期是2007年6月1日；《中华人民共和国教师法》实施日期是1994年1月1日；《中华人民共和国教育法》实施日期是1995年9月1日。

[单选题]因为学生进步明显，老师取消了对他的处分，这属于( )。

负强化

解析：负强化是指个体在作出某种反应后，消除某种厌恶的刺激或不愉快的情境，从而使同类行为在类似情境中发生的概率增加。处分对学生来说是厌恶的刺激，在表现出进步明显这一行为后，老师撤销厌恶刺激，即属于负强化。故选择B。A选项，正强化是指给予一个愉快刺激，从而增强其行为出现的概率。C选项，当有机体做出某种反应以后，呈现一个厌恶刺激（如体罚、谴责等），以消除或抑制此类反应的过程，称作处罚。处罚与负强化有所不同，负强化是通过厌恶刺激的排除来增加反应在将来发生的概率，而处罚则是通过厌恶刺激的呈现来降低反应在将来发生的概率。惩罚的运用必须慎重，处罚一种不良行为应与强化一种良好行为结合起来，方能取得预期的效果。D选项，有机体做出以前曾被强化过的反应，如果在这一反应之后不再有强化物相伴，那么，此类反应在将来发生的概率便降低，称为消退。消退是一种无强化的过程，其作用在于降低某种反应在将来发生的概率，以达到消除某种行为的目的。因此，消退是减少不良行为、消除坏习惯的有效方法。

[单选题]________ stage for teaching writing is a process in which students should revise and polish their writing by themselves or with peers, ranging from wording, spelling, punctuation to sentence structure and paragraph structure, etc.

Post-writing

解析：考查写作教学过程。写后阶段学生应当自己或与同学一起对初稿进行修改和润色，检查单词拼写、标点、句法结构和段落结构等。

[单选题]情绪A，B，C理论中的B是指( )。

信念

解析：A，B，C理论是由美国心理学家埃利斯创建的。就是认为激发事件A(activatingevent)只是引发情绪和行为后果C(consequence)的间接原因，而引起C的直接原因则是个体对激发事件A的认知和评价而产生的信念B(belief)。