正确答案: D

To provide empirical data to confirm a prior belief.

题目:请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。   Passage 2   Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture-the language we speak,the values we absorb-shapes the brain,and are rethinking findings derived from studies of Westerners.To take one recent example,a region behind the forehead called the medial prefrontal cortex supposedly represents the self: it is active when we ( "we" being the Americans in the study) think of our own identity and traits.But with Chinese volunteers,the results were strikingly different.The "me" circuit hummed not only when they thought whether a particular adjective described themselves,but also when they considered whether it described their mother.The Westerners showed no such overlap between self and mom.Depending whether one lives in a culture that views the self as autonomous and unique or as connected to and part of a larger whole,this neural circuit takes on quite different functions.   "Cultural neuroscience" ,as this new field is calleD.is about discovering such differences.Some of the findings,as with the "me/mom" circuit,buttress longstanding notions of cultural differences.For instance,it is a cultural cliche that Westerners focus on individual objects while East Asians pay attention to context and background (another manifestation of the individualism-collectivism split).Sure enough,when shown complex,busy scenes,Asian-Americans and non-Asian-Americans recruited different brain regions.The Asians showed more activity in areas that process figure-ground relations-holistic context-while the Americans showed more activity in regions that recognize objects.   Psychologist Nalini Ambady of Tufts found something similar when she and colleagues showed drawings of people in a submissive pose (head down,shoulders hunched) or a dominant one (arms crosseD.face forward) to Japanese and Americans.The brain's dopamine-fueled reward circuit became most active at the sight of the stance-dominant for Americans,submissive for Japanese-that each volunteer's culture most values,they reported in 2009.This raises an obvious chicken-and-egg question,but the smart money is on culture shaping the brain,not vice versa.Cultural neuroscience wouldn't be <u>making waves</u> if it found neurobiological bases only for well-known cultural differences.It is also uncovering the unexpected.For instance,a 2006 study found that native Chinese speakers use a different region of the brain to do simple arithmetic (3 + 4) or decide which number is larger than native English speakers do,even though both use Arabic numerals.The Chinese use the circuits that process visual and spatial information and plan movements (the latter may be related to the use of the abacus).But English speakers use language circuits.It is as if the West conceives numbers as just words,but the East imbues them with symboliC.spatial freight.(Insert cliche about Asian math geniuses.) "One would think that neural processes involvng basic mathematical computations are universal," says Ambady,but they "seem to be culture-specific".   Not to be the skunk at this party,but I thunk it's important to ask whether neuroscience reveals anything more than we already know from,say,anthropology.For instance,it's well known that East Asian cultures prize the collective over the individual,and that Americans do the opposite.Does identifying brain correlates of those values offer any extra insight? After all,it's not as if anyone thought those values are the result of something in the liver.   Ambady thinks cultural neuro-science does advance understanding.Take the me/mom finding,which,she argues,"attests to the strength of the overlap between self and people close to you in collectivistic cultures and the separation in individualistic cultures.It is important to push the analysis to the level of the brain." Especially when it shows how fundamental cultural differences are-so fundamental,perhaps,that "universal" notions such as human rights,democracy,and the like may be no such thing.

解析:推断题。由第三段可知引用先前研究的结果是为了确认之前的看法是对的。故本题选D。

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学习资料的答案和解析:

  • [多选题]请谈谈教师在任务型口语教学中的各种角色及充当不同角色所应发挥的作用。

  • [单选题]德育过程的构成要素是( )。
  • 教育者、受教育者、德育内容、德育方法

  • 解析:德育过程是由四个相互制约的因素共同构成的,即教育者、受教育者、德育内容和德育方法。故选择C。

  • [单选题]根据美国行为主义家斯金纳的条件反射理论提出的教学法是( )。
  • 程序教学法

  • 解析:程序教学是基于斯金纳的操作性条件反射和积极强化的原理而设计的教学模式。

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