正确答案: D

Students' perception and the reality of their performance on assessments.

题目：请阅读Passage 1，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　Today's adults grew up in schools designed to sort us into the various segments of our social and economic system.The amount of time available to learn was fixed: one year per grade.The amount learned by the end of that time was free to vary: some ofus leamed a great deal; some,very little.As we advanced through the grades,those who had learned a great deal in previous grades continued to build on those foundations.Those who had failed to master the early prerequisites within the allotted time failed to learn that which followed.After 12 or 13 years of cumulative treatment of this kinD.we were,in effect,spread along an achievement continuum that was ultimately reflected in each student's rank in class upon graduation. 　　From the very earliest grades,some students learned a great deal very quickly and consistently scored high on assessments.The emotional effect of this was to help them to see themselves as capable learners,and so these students became increasingly confident in school.That confidence gave them the inner emotional strength to take the risk of striving for more success because they believed that success was within their reach.Driven forward by this optimism,these students continued to try harD.and that effort continued to result in success for them.They became the academic and emotional winners.Notice that the trigger for their emotional strength and their learning success was their perception of their success on formal and informal assessments. 　　But there were other students who didn't fare so well.They scored very low on tests,beginning in the earliest grades.The emotional effect was to cause them to question their own capabilities as learners.They began to lose confidence,which,in turn,deprived them of the emotional reserves needed to continue to take risks.As their motivation warneD.of course,their performance <u>plummeted</u>.These students embarked on what they believed to be an irreversible slide toward inevitable failure and lost hope.Once again,the emotional trigger for their decision not to try was their perception of their performance on assessments. 　　Consider the reality-indeed.the paradox-of the schools in which we were reared.If some students worked hard and learned a lot,that was a positive result,and they would finish high in the rank order.But if some students gave up in hopeless failure,that was an acceptable result,too, because they would occupy places very low in the rank order.Their achievement results fed into the implicit mission of schools: the greater the spread of achievement among students,the more it reinforced the rank order.This is why,if some students gave up and stopped trying (even dropped out of school),that was regarded as the student's problem,not the teacher's or the school's. 　　Once again,please notice who is using test results to decide whether to strive for excellence or give up in hopelessness.The "data-based decision makers" in this process are students themselves.Students are deciding whether success is within or beyond reach,whether the learning is worth the required effort,and so whether to try or not.The critical emotions underpinning the decision making process include anxiety,fear of failure,uncertainty,and unwillingness to take risks-all triggered by students' perceptions of their own capabilities as reflected in assessment results. 　　Some students responded to the demands of such environments by working hard and learning a great deal.Others controlled their anxiety by giving up and not caring.The result for them is exactly the opposite of the one society wants.Instead of leaving no child behinD.these practices,in effect,drove down the achievement of at least as many students as they successfully elevated.And the evidence suggests that the downside victims are more frequently members of particular socioeconomic and ethnic minorities.

解析：细节题。根据第四段中的“Their achievement results fed into the implicit mission of schools: the greater the spread of achievement among students,the more it reinforced the rank order.This is why,if some students gave up and stopped trying (even dropped out of school),that was regarded as the student's problem,not the teacher's or the school's.”可知，学生之间成绩流传得越广，成绩的排名就越固定，再结合前文内容，可以说成绩决定了学生学习的态度，态度决定了他们的排名表现。故本题选D。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]人的发展需要经过乳儿、幼儿、童年、少年、青年等时期，这表明人身心发展具有( )。

阶段性

解析：人身心发展的阶段性是指在人的发展过程中，身体、心理的发展都呈现出相对独立的前后衔接的阶段。乳儿、幼儿、童年、少年、青年等时期，正是相对独立又前后衔接不同阶段，因此，这表明人的身心发展具有阶段性。故选择D。A项，身心发展的稳定性是指在一定社会和教育条件下，处于同一年龄阶段的人在身心发展阶段、发展顺序和每一阶段变化过程及速度等方面大体上是相同的，具有稳定性。B项，由于环境、教育或其他条件的不同，处于同一年龄阶段的人，其发展水平又是有差异的，具有可变性。C项，人的身心发展具有差异性。从群体的角度看，首先表现为男女性别的差异：不仅是自然性别上的差异，还包括由性别带来的生理机能和社会地位、角色、交往群体的差别。其次，个别差异表现在身心的所有构成方面，其中有些是发展水平的差异，有些是心理特征表现方式上的差异。

[单选题]以下选项中对"热爱学生"理解不正确的是()。

热爱学生就是要得到学生和家长的馈赠

解析：教师"热爱学生"，但不得接受学生和家长的馈赠，要做到"廉洁从教"，因此选C。

[单选题]The Chinese recipes rapidly found__________with foreign restaurant owners.

favor

解析：本题考查名词辨析。句意为“中国菜谱很快得到了外国餐馆老板的青睐”。favor“喜爱，欢心，赞同”，find favor with sb.(=be supported by sb.)意为“得宠于人，得人好感，被人接受”，符合句意，故本题选A。fiavor“味道，特色”，fever“发烧，发热”，fancy“幻想，想象力”，均不符合句意。

[单选题] New research has found that those who work 11 hour days or more increase their chance of a heart attack by two thirds. If you're about to embark on your usual 12-hour day at the office, you might want to pause a while-a few hours, actually. A study has found that those who spend more than 11 hours at work increase their chance of having a heart attack by two thirds. The team from University College London looked at more than 7,000 civil servants working in Whitehall over a period of 11 years and established how many hours they worked on average a day. They also collected information including the condition of their heart from medical records and health checks. Over the period, a total of 192 had suffered a heart attack. Then the study was published in the joumal Annals of Internal Medicine, reporting that those who worked more than 11 hours a day were 67 percent more likely to have one than those who had a "nine to five" job. Professor Mika Kivimki, who led the study, said:"We have shown that working long days is associated with a remarkable increase in risk of heart disease. Considering that including a measurement of working hours in a GP interview is so simple and useful, our research presents a strong case that it should become standard practice. This new information should help improve decisions regarding medication for heart disease." "It could also be a wake-up call for people who over-work themselves, especially if they already have other risk factors," Professor Kivimki added. Around 2.6 million Britons have heart disease, where the organ's blood supply is blocked by the build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries (冠状动脉). It is the nation's biggest killer, claiming 101,000 lives in this country every year. Heart attacks occur when a coronary artery becomes completely blocked; if the blood supply is not restored, the section of the heart being supplied by the artery will die.

What is true about the study?

People who work longer hours have a higher risk of heart disease.

解析：1.细节题。在第二段中，作者先后提到了观察、数据采集、医学检查等，而questionnaire 不包括在研究范围中，故选D。 2.细节题。在第二段中，作者说到，“the study was published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine”，与A相反。“the team from University College London looked at more than 7,000 civil servants working in Whitehall”，B中，实验不是在这里做的，而是来自这里的研究员做的。由“looked at more than 7，000 civil servants working in Whitehall over a period of 11 years”，可知是研究员观察这些公务员11年，而不是公务员在白宫工作了11年，D错误。故选C。 3.细节题。由第三段“Considering that including a measurement of working hours in a GP interview is so simple and useful, our research presents a strong case that it should become standard practice.”可知教授对于这个研究非常自信。故A错误。C、D在文中没有提及。由“This new information should help improve decisions regarding medication for heart disease，”可知这项研究可为今后心脏病的治疗提供依据，故B正确。 4.细节题。由“the organ's blood supply is blocked by the build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries”“Heart attacks occur when a coronary artery becomes completely blocked; if the blood supply is not restored，the section of the heart being supplied by the artery will die.”可知脂肪沉积物会堵塞血管，而心脏病发作时，冠状血管被完全堵住，如果血液供给不能恢复，这段血管所供给的心脏就会死去。故A、B、D正确。而C中的逻辑和文中不同，其所说的“一旦恢复供血，这段心脏会继续工作”的说法文中没有提及。 5.主旨题。文中作者首先介绍了一项关于工作与心脏病的研究，包括研究的背景、方法、过程和结果。而后在文章最后一段，作者介绍现在心脏病发病的情况和心脏病发作的原理。这些研究都在证实一个事实，即：长时间的工作增加患心脏病的风险。故A、B、C的描述都不全面。只有D，“长时间工作增加心脏病发病率”最全面，是文章主要讨论的内容，故为本题答案。

[单选题]关于义务教育，以下说法错误的是( )。

实施义务教育不收学费、书费

解析：解析：《中华人民共和国义务教育法》第二条规定：实施义务教育不收学费和杂费，但书本费仍会收取。故选择B

[单选题]某学生因考试不及格而愧疚是( )的表现。

理智感

解析：理智感是人在理智活动过程中认识、探求和维护真理的需要是否得到满足而产生的主观体验。考试是一种理智活动，愧疚是需要没有得到满足而产生的主观体验.

[单选题]人际交往过程中会把自己的认识、情感、意志等特征强加在他人身上，以己度人。其中涉及的主要心理概念是( )。

投射

解析：用自己的想法来揣度别人属于投射。