正确答案: A

To serve the country.

题目：21.请阅读Passage 1,完成第1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　There are two kinds of motive for engaging in any activity:internal and instrumental.If ascientist conducts research because she wants to discover important facts about the world,that'san internal motive,since discovering facts is inherently related to the activity of research.If sheconducts research because she wants to achieve scholarly renown,that's an instrumental motive,since the relation between fame and research is not so inherent.Often,people have both for doingthings. 　　What mix of motives-internal or instrumental or both-is most conducive to success? Youmight suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieverenown will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires.Surely twomotives are better than one.But as we and our colleagues argue in a paper newly published in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,instrumental motives are not always an asset andcan actually be counterproductive to success. 　　We analyzed data drawn from 11,320 <u>cadets</u>in nine entering classes at the United StatesMilitary Academy at West Point,all of whom rated how much each of a set of motives influencedtheir decision to attend the academy.The motives included things like a desire to get a good job laterin life and a desire to be trained as a leader in the United States Army. 　　How did the cadets fare,years later? How did their progress relate to their original motives forattending West Point? 　　We found,unsurprisingly,that the stronger their internal reasons were to attend West Point,themore likely cadets were to graduate and become commissioned officers.Also unsurprisingly,cadetswith internal motives did better in the military (as evidenced by early promotion recommendations)than did those without internal motives and were also more likely to stay in the military after theirfive years ofmandatory service. 　　Remarkably,cadets with strong internal and strong instrumental motives for attending WestPoint performed worse on every measure than did those with strong internal motives but weakinstrumental ones.They were less likely to graduate,less outstanding as military officers and lesscommitted to staying in the military. 　　Our study suggests that efforts should be made to structure activities so that instrumental consequences do not become motives.Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of theirwork,rather than on,say,the financial returns it will bring,may be the best way to improve not onlythe quality oftheir work but also their financial success. 　　There is a temptation among educators and instructors to use whatever motivational tools areavailable to recruit participants or improve performance.If the desire for military excellence andservice to country fails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs,then perhaps appeals to “moneyfor college,”“career training”or“seeing the world”will do the job.While this strategy may luremore recruits,it may also yield worse soldiers.Similarly,for students uninterested in learning,financial incentives for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may prompt them toparticipate,but it may result in less well-educated students.

解析：细节题。文章最后一段提到“If the desire for military excellence and service to countryfails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs，then perhaps...will do the job.”即如果追求军事卓越和为国家服务的渴望不能吸引新兵服役，那么也许可以用“赚大学费用”“职业培训”或“增长见识”来吸引新兵。结合前文可知，“赚大学费用”“职业培训”和“增长见识”都属于功利性动机；“为国家服务”属于内部动机。故本题选A。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010-2020年）》提出，教育公平是社会公平的重要基础。教育公平的关键是( )。

机会公平

解析：《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要（2010-2020年）》规定，"把促进公平作为国家基本教育政策。教育公平是社会公平的重要基础。教育公平的关键是机会公平，基本要求是保障公民依法享有受教育的权利，重点是促进义务教育均衡发展和扶持困难群体，根本措施是合理配置教育资源，向农村地区、边远贫困地区和民族地区倾斜，加快缩小教育差距。教育公平的主要责任在政府，全社会要共同促进教育公平"。

[单选题]在《论语》中记载着许多孔子关于"仁"的解释，孔子"仁"的中心是( )。

爱人

解析：孔子的学说是以"仁"为核心的最高道德标准，并且把仁的思想归结到服从周礼上（"克己复礼为仁"），强调忠孝和仁爱。故选择A。

[单选题]下列哪项观点体现了素质教育的理念？( )

教育应该使学生主动、生动、愉快地发展

解析：素质教育倡导人人有受教育的权利，强调在教育中使每个人都得到发展，而不是只注重一部分人，更不是只注重少数人的发展。我们强调的是"一种适合儿童的教育，而不是挑选适合教育的儿童"。

[单选题]升学考试一般是典型的( )。

相对评价

解析：相对评价是在被评价对象的群体中建立基准（通常均以该群体的平均水平作为这一基准），然后把该群体中的各个对象逐一与基准进行比较，以判断该群体中每一成员的相对优势。升学考试是选拔性考试，一般是典型的相对评价，如高考。