正确答案: D

Incentive.

题目：22.请阅读Passage 2,完成第1～5题。 　　Passage 2 　　teacher education provided by U,S.colleges and universities has been routinely criticizedsince its inception in the early nineteenth century,sometimes deservedly.These programs,like non-university programs,are uneven in quality and can be improved.What makes today's criticisms different is an aggressive effort by advocacy groups,and self-proclaimed educational entrepreneursto deregulate the preparation of teachers,and to expand independent,alternative routes intoteaching. 　　This effort to “disrupt” the field of teacher preparation in the United States has gainedconsiderable “momentum” and legitimacy,with venture capitalists,philanthropy,and the U.S.Department of Education all providing sponsorship and substantial funding. 　　The strength of this effort is that the United States may quickly seek to dismantle its universitysystem and replace much ofit with independent,private programs.The resulting system of teacherpreparation may differ dramatically in its government,structure,content,and processes moving away from its current location alongside legal,medical,and other professional preparation that pairsacademic degrees with professional training. 　　Throughout the nation,states are reporting teacher shortages in particular subject areas andgeographical locations,and several states have either passed legislation to lower the standards for becoming a teacher or,like the state of Washington,have looked toward expanding the number ofteacher education providers to try to fill teaching vacancies.The federal government has contributedto the push to lower standards for becoming a teacher with the teacher Preparation Academyprovision in the new K-12 education law,the Every Student Succeeds act,which encourages statesto expand the number ofindependent programs not associated with colleges and universities. 　　Because of the increasing tuition rates,a consequence in part,of cuts in funding to publicuniversities that continue to educate most U.S.teachers,enrollments in college and universityteacher education programs have declined in many parts of the country.Independent teacher education programs are being viewed by some as an important part of the solution in staffing thenation's classrooms and addressing our serious and enduring problems in education inequities.Additionally,advocacy groups,philanthropists,and so-called education entrepreneurs are working aggressively to expand these independent alternative routes into teaching. 　　Given the seriousness of the teacher shortage problem in the United States and the substantialmedia attention that has been given to independent teacher education programs as the solutionto teacher shortages and education inequities,policy makers should very carefully examine the evidence that exists about the nature and impact of these relatively new programs that are rapidly expanding while university teacher education enrollments decline.

解析：词汇题。momentum意为“势头，动力，冲力”。根据momentum后面的句子“...withventure capitalists,philanthropy,and the U.S.Department of Education all providing sponsorship and substantialfunding”可知，风险资本家、慈善事业及教育部提供的资金援助推动了美国在师资培养领域所做的努力。moment“时刻”，motive“动机”，achievement“成就，成绩”，incentive“动机，刺激”。故本题选D。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]走路过程中，看到前面某处污水横流，臭味四溢，便绕道避开。这种行为属于( )。

逃避条件作用

解析：逃避条件作用是指当厌恶刺激出现时，有机体作出某种反应，从而逃避了厌恶刺激，则该反应在以后的类似情境中发生的概率便增加。

[多选题]在口语教学中，教师应如何平衡准确性与流利性（10分）?列举二者常见的活动方式（至少两种），并各举一例进行说明（10分）。

[单选题]"长善救失"、"教学相长"的教学思想是首先在( )中提出的。

《学记》

解析："长善救失"教学相长"等教学思想均出自《学记》。故选择C。A选项，孔子的教育思想主要体现在他和弟子的言论专著《论语》中。即孔子有教无类的思想主张，因材施教、循循善诱、不耻下问、身体力行、学思结合、温故知新的教学方法，学而不厌、诲人不倦的教学态度等，都有重要体现。B选项，《孟子》是"四书"之一。孟子是思孟学派代表人物，是儒家在战国时期的主要代表，被称为"亚圣"。常考知识包括"心之官则思，思则得之，不思则不得也"（思考才能获得知识真谛）；"穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下"（不得志的时候就要管好自己的道德修养，得志的时候就要努力让天下人就是指百姓都能得到好处）等。D选项，《劝学》是《荀子》-书的首篇，又名《劝学篇》。劝学，就是鼓励学习。本篇较系统地论述了学习的理论和方法。

[单选题]"余音绕梁，三日不绝于耳"属于( )。

形象记忆

解析：形象记忆是对感知过的事物具体形象的记忆。"余音绕梁，三日不绝于耳"就是对感知过的声音形象的记忆。