正确答案: B

The brain is believed to be influenced by different cultures.

题目：请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture-the language we speak,the values we absorb-shapes the brain,and are rethinking findings derived from studies of Westerners.To take one recent example,a region behind the forehead called the medial prefrontal cortex supposedly represents the self: it is active when we ( "we" being the Americans in the study) think of our own identity and traits.But with Chinese volunteers,the results were strikingly different.The "me" circuit hummed not only when they thought whether a particular adjective described themselves,but also when they considered whether it described their mother.The Westerners showed no such overlap between self and mom.Depending whether one lives in a culture that views the self as autonomous and unique or as connected to and part of a larger whole,this neural circuit takes on quite different functions. 　　"Cultural neuroscience" ,as this new field is calleD.is about discovering such differences.Some of the findings,as with the "me/mom" circuit,buttress longstanding notions of cultural differences.For instance,it is a cultural cliche that Westerners focus on individual objects while East Asians pay attention to context and background (another manifestation of the individualism-collectivism split).Sure enough,when shown complex,busy scenes,Asian-Americans and non-Asian-Americans recruited different brain regions.The Asians showed more activity in areas that process figure-ground relations-holistic context-while the Americans showed more activity in regions that recognize objects. 　　Psychologist Nalini Ambady of Tufts found something similar when she and colleagues showed drawings of people in a submissive pose (head down,shoulders hunched) or a dominant one (arms crosseD.face forward) to Japanese and Americans.The brain's dopamine-fueled reward circuit became most active at the sight of the stance-dominant for Americans,submissive for Japanese-that each volunteer's culture most values,they reported in 2009.This raises an obvious chicken-and-egg question,but the smart money is on culture shaping the brain,not vice versa.Cultural neuroscience wouldn't be <u>making waves</u> if it found neurobiological bases only for well-known cultural differences.It is also uncovering the unexpected.For instance,a 2006 study found that native Chinese speakers use a different region of the brain to do simple arithmetic (3 + 4) or decide which number is larger than native English speakers do,even though both use Arabic numerals.The Chinese use the circuits that process visual and spatial information and plan movements (the latter may be related to the use of the abacus).But English speakers use language circuits.It is as if the West conceives numbers as just words,but the East imbues them with symboliC.spatial freight.(Insert cliche about Asian math geniuses.) "One would think that neural processes involvng basic mathematical computations are universal," says Ambady,but they "seem to be culture-specific". 　　Not to be the skunk at this party,but I thunk it's important to ask whether neuroscience reveals anything more than we already know from,say,anthropology.For instance,it's well known that East Asian cultures prize the collective over the individual,and that Americans do the opposite.Does identifying brain correlates of those values offer any extra insight? After all,it's not as if anyone thought those values are the result of something in the liver. 　　Ambady thinks cultural neuro-science does advance understanding.Take the me/mom finding,which,she argues,"attests to the strength of the overlap between self and people close to you in collectivistic cultures and the separation in individualistic cultures.It is important to push the analysis to the level of the brain." Especially when it shows how fundamental cultural differences are-so fundamental,perhaps,that "universal" notions such as human rights,democracy,and the like may be no such thing.

解析：推断题。文章首段第一句说“Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture…shapes the brain”，结合下文讲述的文化神经科学的研究，可推出大脑（神经）受文化的影响，故本题选B。C项本身表述正确，但不是推断出的内容，它可以从原文第二段第三句直接得出。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]"循序渐进"教学原则是根据人的身心发展( )特点提出来。

顺序性

解析：顺序性，强调发展过程是由低级到高级，有顺序的发展过程，启示教育要做到循序渐进，不能"拔苗助长"，故选择D。A项，阶段性强调不同阶段学生有不同发展特点，有不同的教育内容和教育方法：教育启示为不能搞"一刀切"、"一锅煮"。B项，个别差异性是指个体与个体之间发展水平，发展速度等之间的差异：教育启示为"因材施教"。C项，不平衡性强调学生同一种机能，发展速度有快有慢；不同机能之间，成熟速度和时间有早有晚。教育启示为教学中注意"关键期和最佳期"。

[单选题]意大利著名教育家蒙台梭利有一句教育名言："没有哪一个人是由别人教育出来的，他必须自己教育自己。"这句话直接与下列哪一思想、学说相支持( )。

人本主义教育

解析：人本主义主张，心理学应当把人作为一个整体来研究，而不是将人的心理肢解为不能整合的几个部分。人本主义学习理论重点研究如何为学习者创造一个良好的环境，让其从自己的角度感知世界，发展出对世界的理解，达到自我实现的最高境界。故选择B。A选项，实用主义教育思想主张儿童中心，师生民主平等，这一思想对二十世纪二、三十年代中国的师生关系产生了很大的影响。C选项，建构主义学习理论不是一个特定的学习理论，而是许多理论观点的统称。它是对学习的认知理论的一大发展。它的出现被人们誉为当代教育心理学的一场革命。D选项，自然主义教育的核心是"归于自然"，提倡自然主义教育思想，认为开创新教育的目标和根本原则是"归于自然"。

[多选题]《论语》中记述孔子于教育思想观点的有( )。

不愤不启，不悱不发

学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆

其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从

解析："教学相长"最早出自《礼记·学记》。

[单选题]下列作品中，不属于鲁迅创作的是( )。

《子夜》

解析：《子夜》的作者是茅盾。其作品还有：长篇小说《蚀》三部曲等；短篇小说"农村三部曲"：（《春蚕》《秋收》《残冬》）、《大鼻子的故事》、《林家铺子》等；散文《白杨礼赞》《风景谈》等。故选择A。B《药》、《伤逝》、《祝福》是鲁迅先生的代表作品。鲁迅作品还有：小说集《呐喊》(代表篇目：《孔乙己》、《狂人日记》《阿Q正传》、《彷徨》）散文集《朝花夕拾》，散文诗集《野草》，杂文集《南腔北调集》、《三闲集》、《二心集》等。

[单选题]"学生如同泥坯，他能否成型，依赖于教师的雕塑"，这种说法忽视了学生的( )。

能动性

解析：以人为本的学生观强调，学生独立意义的人，学生有自己的主观能动性。学生确实具有向师性、可塑性的特点，但是学生能否成才，起决定性作用的还是其主观能动性，而题目中"他能否成型，依赖于教师的雕塑"的说法忽视了学生的主观能动性，故选择C项。

[单选题]If a teacher shows students how to do an activity before they start doing it,he/she is using the technique of________.

demonstration

解析：本题考查教学技巧。题干：如果教师在让学生开始做一个活动前先向他们展示活动是如何进行的，那么他／她使用的是什么技巧？A项“呈现”，B项“示范”，C项“启发”，D项“评价”。根据题意可知，本题选B。

[多选题]简述教材设计的一般原则。

[单选题]课堂教学是师生以知识为中心、以发展学生学习能力为目标展开的教与学的互动过程，而高效的课堂教学建立于教师主导的师生间的良好互动。在师生互动中教师了解和研究学生的基本方法是( )。

观察法

解析：观察法是教师了解和研究学生的基本方法：谈话法是一种积极、主动了解学生的方法：调查法是深入了解和研究学生的一种方法，包括问卷和座谈等。