正确答案: D

Military trainees.

题目：21.请阅读Passage 1,完成第1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　There are two kinds of motive for engaging in any activity:internal and instrumental.If ascientist conducts research because she wants to discover important facts about the world,that'san internal motive,since discovering facts is inherently related to the activity of research.If sheconducts research because she wants to achieve scholarly renown,that's an instrumental motive,since the relation between fame and research is not so inherent.Often,people have both for doingthings. 　　What mix of motives-internal or instrumental or both-is most conducive to success? Youmight suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieverenown will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires.Surely twomotives are better than one.But as we and our colleagues argue in a paper newly published in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,instrumental motives are not always an asset andcan actually be counterproductive to success. 　　We analyzed data drawn from 11,320 <u>cadets</u>in nine entering classes at the United StatesMilitary Academy at West Point,all of whom rated how much each of a set of motives influencedtheir decision to attend the academy.The motives included things like a desire to get a good job laterin life and a desire to be trained as a leader in the United States Army. 　　How did the cadets fare,years later? How did their progress relate to their original motives forattending West Point? 　　We found,unsurprisingly,that the stronger their internal reasons were to attend West Point,themore likely cadets were to graduate and become commissioned officers.Also unsurprisingly,cadetswith internal motives did better in the military (as evidenced by early promotion recommendations)than did those without internal motives and were also more likely to stay in the military after theirfive years ofmandatory service. 　　Remarkably,cadets with strong internal and strong instrumental motives for attending WestPoint performed worse on every measure than did those with strong internal motives but weakinstrumental ones.They were less likely to graduate,less outstanding as military officers and lesscommitted to staying in the military. 　　Our study suggests that efforts should be made to structure activities so that instrumental consequences do not become motives.Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of theirwork,rather than on,say,the financial returns it will bring,may be the best way to improve not onlythe quality oftheir work but also their financial success. 　　There is a temptation among educators and instructors to use whatever motivational tools areavailable to recruit participants or improve performance.If the desire for military excellence andservice to country fails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs,then perhaps appeals to “moneyfor college,”“career training”or“seeing the world”will do the job.While this strategy may luremore recruits,it may also yield worse soldiers.Similarly,for students uninterested in learning,financial incentives for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may prompt them toparticipate,but it may result in less well-educated students.

解析：词汇题。根据题干关键词“cadets”定位到原文第三段中的“We analyzed data drawnfrom 11.320 cadets in nine entering classes at the United States Military Academy at West Point...”由此可知cadets指美国军事学院西点军校的学员。A项“在职军人”，B项“军事研究员”，C项“军官”，D项“军校学员”。故本题选D。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]张老师大学本科毕业后自愿到少数民族地区从事教育工作。依据《中华人民共和国教师法》，应当依法对张老师( )。

给予补贴

解析：根据《中华人民共和国教师法》第二十七条规定，地方各级人民政府对教师以及具有中专以上学历的毕业生到少数民族地区和边远贫困地区从事教育教学工作的，应当予以补贴，故本题选A。

[多选题]下列选项中属于教育目的的个人本位论的观点的是( )。

教育目的的制定要从受教育者本身出发，而不是从社会需要出发

教育就是个人的教育，个人价值高于社会价值

评价教育作用时要用其对个人的作用来衡量

解析：个人本位教育目的论的观点是：从个体本能需要出发，强调教育要服从人的成长规律和满足人的需要；注重教育对个人的价值；主张教育的目的是培养"自然人"，发展人的个性，增进人的价值，促使个人自我实现。

[单选题]"矮子里找高个""水涨船高"形象地体现了( )内涵。

相对评价

解析：(1)按照评价基准的不同，可将教学评价分为相对评价、绝对评价和个体内差异评价。相对评价又称为常模参照评价，是运用常模参照测验对学生的学习成绩进行的评价。它主要依据学生个人的学习成绩在该班学生成绩序列或常模中所处的位置来评价和决定他的成绩的优劣，而不考虑他是否达到教学目标的要求。"矮子里找高个""水涨船高"体现了相对评价的内涵。绝对评价是将教学评价的基准建立在被评价对象的群体之外（通常是以教学大纲规定的教学目标为依据来制定这一基准），再把该群体中每一成员的某方面的知识和能力与基准进行比较，从而判定其优劣。(2)按照评价方法的不同，可将教学评价分为定性评价与定量评价。定性评价是对评价材料作"质"的分析，运用的是分析、综合、比较、分类、演绎、归纳等逻辑分析方法，分析结果是没有量化的描述性资料。定量评价是对评价材料作"量"的分析，运用的是数理统计、多元分析等数学方法，从纷繁复杂的评价数据中提取出规律性的结论来。

[单选题]Which of the following would a teacher encourage students to do in order to develop theircognitive strategies?

To summarize a story.

解析：本题考查课程标准知识。题干：为了培养学生的认知策略，教师会鼓励学生怎样做？A项“制订学习计划”，B项“概述故事”，C项“大声读文章”，D项“做句型练习”。认知策略是指学生为了完成具体学习任务而采取的步骤和方法，同时也包括学习者加工信息的一些方法和技术。概述属于加工信息的一种方法。故本题选B。