正确答案: A

contended

题目：Britain________for control of the sea in the 17th century.

解析：本题考查动词辨析。句意为“英国在17世纪____海上控制权”。contend“竞争，争夺”，常与for连用，意为“为......而竞争”；contrive“设计，发明，谋划”；content“使满足，使满意”，常与with连用；confine常与to连用，表示“限制于，局限于”。根据句意可知A项正确。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]The Ancient Greek philosopher Pythagorasis best known today for his mathematicaltheorem, which haunts the dreams ofmany geometry students, but for centurieshe was also celebrated as the father ofvegetarianism. A meatless diet was referred to as a “Pythagorean diet” for years, up until themodern vegetarian movement began in themid-1800s. 　　While Pythagoras was an early proponent of ameatless diet, humans have been vegetarianssince well before recorded history. Most anthropologists agree that early humanswould have eaten a predominantly plant-based diet; after all, plants can't run away.Additionally, our digestive systems resemblethose of herbivores closer than carnivorous animals. Prehistoric man ate meat, of course,but plants formed the basis of his diet. 　　Pythagoras and his many followers practicedvegetarianism for several reasons, mainly dueto religious and ethical objections. Pythagoras believed all living beings had souls. Animalswere no exception, so meat and fish were banished from his table. Strangely enough, he also banished a vegetable that has a place ofhonor on most vegetarian menus today, thehumble bean. His followers were forbidden to eat or even touch beans, because he thought beans and humans were created from thesame material. Fava beans were especially bad, as they have hollow steams that could allow the souls of the dead to travel up fromthe soil into the growing beans. 　　While the edict against beans was liftednot long after Pythagoras' death, hisfollowers continued to eat a meatless diet.His principles influenced generations of academics and religious thinkers, and it was a group of these like-minded individuals whofounded the Vegetarian Society in English inthe mid-1800s. The virtues of temperance,abstinence and self-control were all tied tovegetarian ideals, while lust, drunkenness and general hooliganism all resulted from a diet too rich in meat products. Notable earlyvegetarians included Leo Tolstoy, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi and American Bronson Alcott, a Transcendentalist teacher,reformer and the father of “Little Women”author Louisa May Alcott. 　　It wasn't until the 1960s that vegetarianismmoved into mainstream American life and themovement's growth picked up speed in the 1970s when a young graduate student namedFrancis Moore Lappe wrote a book called Diet for a Small Planet. In it, she advocated ameatless diet not for ethical or moral reasons,but because plant-based foods have muchless impact on the environment than meat does. Today, many vegetarians refuse meat because of animal rights issues, or concernsover animal treatment, a principle first espoused in Peter Singer's 1975 work AnimalLiberation.

Which of the following might be the besttitle for the passage?

The History of Vegetarianism

解析：句意“文章的最合适的题目是什么？”。A项，意为“素食主义发展史”；B项，意为“素食主义之父”；C项，意为“素食主义拥护者”；D项，意为“素食主义的好处”。文章从素食主义之父说起，又按照时间的顺序介绍了不同时期的素食主义者及不吃肉的原因，故A项“素食主义发展史”为文章的题目。故选择A。

[多选题]教师的期望效应是罗森塔尔通过研究发现的。( )

解析：罗森塔尔效应，也称皮格马利翁效应或期待效应。罗森塔尔效应认为教师的期望或明或暗地被传送给学生，学生会按照教师所期望的方向来塑造自己的行为。

[单选题]观察模仿榜样者呈示的行为，学习其社会行为，属于( )。

示范法

解析：班杜拉于1967年创立了示范法。他认为，儿童的许多行为并非通过直接实践或受到强化形成的，而是通过观察、学习产生共鸣，从而增加良好行为的获得或减少、削弱不良行为。因此，模仿与强化一样，是学习的一种基本形式。示范法包括现场示范法、参与模仿法、自我示范法、电影电视或录像示范法以及想象模仿法等多种类型。

[单选题]发现教学模式倡导学生独立发现问题、解决问题、实现认知的过程，强调学生是学习的主体，这一教学模式的提出者是( )。

布鲁纳

解析：布鲁纳倡导发现教学模式。