正确答案: A

Controlled activities.

题目：There are some speaking activities.Which of the following mainly focus on the form and accuracy?

解析：本题考查口语活动。口语活动有多种方式，其中控制性活动主要重视形式与准确性。故本题选A。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]( )是一种古老的迁移理论，其理论基础是官能心理学。

形式训练说

解析：形式训练说以官能心理学为基础，代表人物是沃尔夫。故选择C。B选项，相同要素说认为，只有当学习情境和迁移测验情境存在共同成分，一种学习才能影响另一种学习，即才会产生学习的迁移。D选项，贾德认为，在先期学习A中所获得的东西，之所以能迁移到后期的学习B，是因为在学习A时获得了一般原理，这种一般原理可以部分或全部运用于A、B之中。根据这一理论，两个学习活动之间存在的共同成分，只是产生迁移的必要前提，而产生迁移的关键是，学习者在两种活动中概括出它们之间的共同原理。所以贾德的迁移理论称为"概括说"或"类化说"。

[单选题]建构主义是认知学习理论的新发展，对当前的教学改革产生了深远的影响。他不是一个特定的学习理论，而是许多学习理论观点的统称。建构主义的思想核心是( )。

知识是在主客体相互作用的活动中建立起来的

解析：建构主义是一种关于知识和学习的理论，强调学习者的主动性，认为学习是学习者基于原有的知识经验生成意义、建构理解的过程，而这一过程常常是在社会文化互动中完成的。建构主义的提出有着深刻的思想渊源，它具有迥异于传统的学习理论和教学思想，对教学设计具有重要指导价值。其思想核心是知识是在主客体相互作用的活动中建立起来的，学习不是被动学习的过程，而是主动建构的过程。故选择B。

[单选题]童年期的年龄阶段是( )。

6、7岁-11、12岁

解析：我国心理学家将个体的心理发展划分为八个阶段，即乳儿期（0-1岁）、婴儿期（1-3岁）、幼儿期(3-6、7岁)、童年期（6、7-11、12岁）、少年期(11、12-14、15岁)、青年期（14、15-25岁）、成年期(25-65岁)、老年期（65岁以后）。童年期的年龄范围在6、7岁-11、12岁，属于小学阶段。

[单选题]When a teacher leads students to guess the meaning of a new word based on the contextual clue,which one of the following approaches does he use?

Top-down Approach.

解析：本题考查阅读教学模式。自下而上的模式( Bottom-up Approach)是一个解码的过程，从声音到单词、句子、整篇文章的理解。自上而下的模式( Top-down Approach)是一个宏观的加工过程，通过背景、语境等信息理解文章大意，其次再对文章的细节、单词等进行分析。而交互式教学模式(Interactive Approach)则将前两者教学结合起来，综合两者的优势来开展教学。本题题于是基于上下文的线索和语境进行猜词，属于自上而下的教学模式。故本题选B。

[单选题] According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the fanuly, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce eonsistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concemed with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others tasks and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2?

A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.

解析：1.主旨题。文章主要讲述不同的领导者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社会群体中所充当的角色和发挥的功能。所以D为正确答案。选项A、B、C都不能正确概括本文主旨。 2.细节题。短文第一段指出了成为领导者的不同方式：traditional cultural patterns， election or recruitment.选项C在文中并没有提及。故选C。 3.推断题。短文第二段指出“It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common.”即似乎并不是所有的领导者都有同样的个人素质。由此可推断出某一个团队的优秀领导可能并不适合另外的团队。故选项A正确。 4.细节题。由题干可定位至第二段“…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of‘natural leaders’”，即近几十年的研究发现并没有哪一类人是“天生的领导”。故选项B正确。 5.细节题。短文最后两段主要讲述了两种领导：指导型领导和表达型领导，并指出了他们的不同点。由“Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group”和“Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group”可知指导型领导重视团队任务的完成，关心团队目标，而表达型领导却不是这样。故选项D正确。

[多选题]现代教育与文化是本质与属性的关系。( )

解析：现代教育与文化是本质与属性的关系，二者相互制约相互促进。