正确答案: C

冯·诺依曼

题目：将程序像数据一样存放在计算机内存中运行，是1946年由( )提出的，他被称为计算机之父。

解析：1946年，美国的莫奇利.埃克脱.冯·诺依曼等人参加研制的世界上第一台电子数字计算机ENIAC问世，从而开辟了计算机技术的新纪元。故选择C。A图灵，英国数学家，为计算机奠定了理论基础。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]学生利用头脑中的概念、理论知识来解决问题，这种思维是( ).

逻辑思维

解析：抽象逻辑思维是指在思维过程中以概念、判断、推理的形式来反映事物本质属性和内在规律的思维。概念是这类思维的支柱。故选择C。A选项，直观动作思维又称为实践思维，是指在思维过程中要以具体、实际动作作为支柱而进行的思维，这种思维所要解决的任务目标一般总是直观的、具体的。B选项，具体形象思维是指在思维过程中借助于表象而进行的思维。表象是这类思维的支柱。D选项，发散思维也叫求异思维、分散思维，是指人们解决问题时，思路向各种可能的方向扩散，从而求得多种答案。这一过程是从给予的信息中产生多种信息的过程，因为发散思维使思考者不拘泥于一个途径、一个方法。

[单选题]We must improve the farming method ________we may get high yields.

in order that

解析：句意为“我们必须改进耕作方式以获得高产量”。in order that表示“以便，为了”后面接从句作目的状语，故选择B。In case引导目的状语从句时表示“以免，以防”;now that表示既然，由于”;even if表示“即使，尽管”。A、C、D三项均不符合句意。故选择B。

[单选题] The common cold is the world's most widespread illness, which is plagues(疫病) that flesh receives. The most widespread fallacy of all is that colds caused by cold. They are not. They are caused by viruses passing on from person to person. You catch a cold by conung into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one. If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes. During the First World War soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches, cold and wet, showed no increased tendency to catch colds. In the Second World War prisoners at the notorious Auschwitz concentration camp, naked and starving, were astonished to find that they seldom had colds. At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in Experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose. If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more frequent in the winter? Despite the most pains-taking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on. No one has yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain suppressors (止痛片) such as aspirin, but all they do is relieve the symptoms.

Volunteers taking part in the experiments in the Common Cold Research Unit ________.

all suffered from cold and wet

解析：1.细节题。文章第二段说到，对于感冒，最普遍的谬论是感冒是由寒冷引起的，后面说感冒是由人与人之间传播的病毒导致的，“If cold causes colds，it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever.”可推断作者的意思是，如果寒冷可以造成感冒，那一直忍受寒冷的爱斯基摩人一定会一直都在感冒。即用这个例子验证寒冷不会引起感冒，感冒是由病毒的传播所导致。故选B。 2.细节题。爱斯基摩人不会一直感冒，而且感冒不是由寒冷引起的，故A、B与文章相符。文章第二段提到生活在北极圈与世隔绝的人们一直都不会得感冒，直到他们与感染了感冒病毒的人接触。故可知D与文章相符。对于C，作者在倒数第二段中说冬天感冒人多的原因是冬天人们更愿意一起待在屋里，这样感冒病毒很容易在人与人之间传播，而单纯地待在屋里不会得感冒，故C错误。 3.细节题。根据第二段结尾，“And in isolated arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes.”可知他们只会在与外界感染感冒的人相接触时才会被感染。故选D。 4.细节题。根据文章第四段的描述，这些志愿者在洗完热水澡后，穿上泳衣，在自己身上浇凉水，然后站在通风的房间里，还有些人穿着湿袜子，站在雨中，以检测他们会不会得感冒。结果证明所有人都没有得感冒，直到他们接触了病毒。故B、C、D错误，只有A正确。 5.主旨题。通读文章，作者一直在谈人们为什么会得感冒和得感冒的途径，故C正确。A只说到了实验，不全面。B和D文章没有提及。