正确答案: A

素质教育

题目：义务教育必须贯彻国家的教育方针，实施( )，提高教育质量，使适龄儿童少年在品德、智力、体制方面全面发展。

解析：《中华人民共和国义务教育法》第三条规定，义务教育必须贯彻国家的教育方针，实施素质教育，提高教育质量，使适龄儿童、少年在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展，为培养有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的社会主义建设者和接班人奠定基础。故选择A。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]"一题多解"和"一事多写"旨在培养学生的( )。

发散思维

解析：根据思维的指向性划分，可以划分为聚合思维和发散思维。聚合思维又称求同思维、集中思维，是指人们解决问题时，思路集中到一个方向，从而形成唯一的、确定的答案。发散思维又称求异思维、辐射思维，是指人们解决问题时，思路向各种可能的方向扩散，从而求得多种答案。题干中，"一题多解"和"一事多写"强调多种可能性寻求答案，提现了发散思维的特点，故选择D。AB选项，根据发展水平不同，可将思维划分为：直观动作思维、具体形象思维、抽象逻辑思维。直观动作思维是指在思维过程中要以具体、实际动作作为支柱而进行的思维。它往往是人们在边做边想时发生的，具有直观实践性的特点。离开了感知活动或动作，思维就不能进行。具体形象思维是指在思维过程中借助于表象而进行的思维。表象是思维的材料，思维过程往往表现为对表象的概括、加工和操作。具体形象思维具有形象性、整体性、可操作性等特点。抽象逻辑思维是指在思维过程中以概念、判断、推理的形式来反映事物本质属性和内在规律的思维。概念是这类思维的支柱。

[多选题]教学中如何促进学生的学习迁移？（10分）

[单选题]21.请阅读Passage 1,完成第1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　There are two kinds of motive for engaging in any activity:internal and instrumental.If ascientist conducts research because she wants to discover important facts about the world,that'san internal motive,since discovering facts is inherently related to the activity of research.If sheconducts research because she wants to achieve scholarly renown,that's an instrumental motive,since the relation between fame and research is not so inherent.Often,people have both for doingthings. 　　What mix of motives-internal or instrumental or both-is most conducive to success? Youmight suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieverenown will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires.Surely twomotives are better than one.But as we and our colleagues argue in a paper newly published in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,instrumental motives are not always an asset andcan actually be counterproductive to success. 　　We analyzed data drawn from 11,320 cadetsin nine entering classes at the United StatesMilitary Academy at West Point,all of whom rated how much each of a set of motives influencedtheir decision to attend the academy.The motives included things like a desire to get a good job laterin life and a desire to be trained as a leader in the United States Army. 　　How did the cadets fare,years later? How did their progress relate to their original motives forattending West Point? 　　We found,unsurprisingly,that the stronger their internal reasons were to attend West Point,themore likely cadets were to graduate and become commissioned officers.Also unsurprisingly,cadetswith internal motives did better in the military (as evidenced by early promotion recommendations)than did those without internal motives and were also more likely to stay in the military after theirfive years ofmandatory service. 　　Remarkably,cadets with strong internal and strong instrumental motives for attending WestPoint performed worse on every measure than did those with strong internal motives but weakinstrumental ones.They were less likely to graduate,less outstanding as military officers and lesscommitted to staying in the military. 　　Our study suggests that efforts should be made to structure activities so that instrumental consequences do not become motives.Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of theirwork,rather than on,say,the financial returns it will bring,may be the best way to improve not onlythe quality oftheir work but also their financial success. 　　There is a temptation among educators and instructors to use whatever motivational tools areavailable to recruit participants or improve performance.If the desire for military excellence andservice to country fails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs,then perhaps appeals to “moneyfor college,”“career training”or“seeing the world”will do the job.While this strategy may luremore recruits,it may also yield worse soldiers.Similarly,for students uninterested in learning,financial incentives for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may prompt them toparticipate,but it may result in less well-educated students.

According to the passage,which ofthe following is an internal motive for a newly recruitedsoldier?

To serve the country.

解析：细节题。文章最后一段提到“If the desire for military excellence and service to countryfails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs，then perhaps...will do the job.”即如果追求军事卓越和为国家服务的渴望不能吸引新兵服役，那么也许可以用“赚大学费用”“职业培训”或“增长见识”来吸引新兵。结合前文可知，“赚大学费用”“职业培训”和“增长见识”都属于功利性动机；“为国家服务”属于内部动机。故本题选A。