[单选题]有人对"不到长城非好汉"这句名言的理解是："如果不到长城，就不是好汉。"假定这种理解为真，则下列哪项判断必然为真？( )

正确答案 ：B

如果是好汉，他一定到过长城

解析：考查假言命题的推理规则。"如果不到长城，就不是好汉"为真，那么其逆否命题也一定为真。其逆否命题为"如果是好汉，那么一定到过长城"，故选择B项。

[单选题]目前各国都非常重视教育对经济的作用，因此提出了教育先行"的理念。下列关于"教育先行"说法正确的是( )。

正确答案 ：A

教育是进行物质生产的必要条件

解析：关于"教育先行"应注意：(1)教育是进行物质生产的必要条件。教育承担着培养劳动者的任务，如果教育不在生产活动之前培养好所需要的劳动力，即使有了生产所需的设备和原材料，生产活动也是无法进行的。(2)教育投资的比例和增加要根据国民经济水平确定，不能破坏经济上的平衡，故并不是越多越好。(3)教育是可以带来经济效益的，但是教育并不必然带来经济效益。教育要想取得明显的经济效益，必须与经济建设协调发展。

[单选题]教学从本质上讲是一种特殊的认识活动。( )A.正确B.错误

正确答案 ：

解析：教学是一种特殊的认识、交往和实践活动，这是教学的本质。其特点有教学以培养全面发展的人为根本目的；教学由教与学两方面组成，教学是师生双方的共同活动：学生的认识活动是教学中的重要组成部分；教学具有多种形态，是共性与多样性的统一。教学不同于智育，教学是智育的主要途径之一。

[单选题]觉察刺激之间微弱差别的能力称为( )。

正确答案 ：D

差别感受性

解析：绝对感觉阈限是指人的感觉器官接受某种刺激时刚刚能够引起反应或刚刚能停止其反应的刺激，即刚刚能够引起感觉的最小刺激量。绝对感受性是觉察出最小刺激的能力。差别感觉阈限是指刚刚能引起差别感觉的刺激的最小差异量。差别感受性是指觉察刺激之间微弱差别的能力。

[多选题]在感觉事物时，人们即使保持高度集中的注意，也会发生感觉强度忽强忽弱的周期性变化，这一现象被称为( )。

正确答案 ：AD

注意的起伏

注意的动摇

解析：人的感受性不能长时间地保持固定的状态，而是间歇地加强和减弱，叫注意起伏或注意的动摇。

[单选题]美国心理学家桑代克反对形式训练说，提出了迁移的( )。

正确答案 ：A

相同要素说

解析：为了反对形式训练说，桑代克提出了相同要素说。相同要素说认为，只有当学习情境和迁移测验情境存在共同成分，一种学习才能影响另一种学习，即才会产生学习的迁移。如：由于骑自行车与骑摩托车在协调和操作方式上有相同因素，所以迁移就容易发生。两个完全不相似的刺激反应联结之间，不可能产生迁移。

[单选题]当前部分学校德育实效性不高，主要是教育认识方面的局限，与德育方法的选择无关。( )A.正确B.错误

正确答案 ：

解析：当前部分学校德育实效性不高的原因较多，如认识上的偏差，以及方式方法的不当，学校的德育工作往往停留在做表面文章等。故错误。

[单选题] There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degrees of health and wealth and the other comforts of life, one becomes happy, the other becomes miserable. This arises from the different ways in which they consider things, persons, and events, and the resulting effects upon their minds. The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things, the pleasant parts of conveniences, the well-prepared dishes, the goodness of wines, the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things. Therefore, they are continually discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind were founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be critical. The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation. It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have it are convmced of its bad effects on their interests and tastes. Although in fact it is chiefly an act of imagination, it has serious consequences in life, since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people offend many others, nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect, and scarcely that. This frequency puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at obtaining some advantage in rank or fortune, nobody wishes them success. If they bring on themselves public disapproval, no one will defend or excuse them, and many will join to criticize their misconduct. These people should change this bad habit and condescend to be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them. Otherwise it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.

The sentence "The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation" in Paragraph 2 means ________.

正确答案 ：B

criticizing and being disgusted has become a tendency and it is caused initially by imitation

解析：1.细节题。根据短文第一段最后一句“This arises from the different ways in which they consider things，persons，and events，and the resulting effects upon their minds.”可知正是由于看待事物、人和事件的方式存在差异，才导致了两种人的区别。故选项C正确。 2.细节题。短文第二段指出两种人的差别“The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the convemences of things"和“Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things”，由此可知两种人的区别在于关注点不同。故选项A正确。 3.细节题。“The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation”这句话的意思是：这种挑剔和让人厌烦的倾向起先可能是由于模仿造成的。故选项B正确。 4.词汇题。联系上下文，根据句意可知，condescend的意思应为“谦逊，屈尊”。故选D。 5.细节题。短文最后一段主要叙述unhappy people的情况。本段第一句指出“…it has serious consequences in life，since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck.”故可知unhappy people常常把自己置于一个不利的境地。故选项A正确。

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