正确答案: B

Calendars.

题目：请阅读 Passage 2,完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　IF YOU want something done,the saying goes,give it to a busy person.It is an odd way to guarantee hitting deadlines.But a paper recently published in the Journal of Consumer Research suggests it may,in fact,be true-as long as the busy person conceptualises the deadline in the right way. 　　Yanping Tu of the University of Chicago and Dilip Soman of the University of Toronto 　　examined how individuals go about both thinking about and completing tasks.Previous studies have shown that such activity progresses through four distinct phases: pre-decision,post-decision (but pre-action),action and review.It is thought that what motivates the shift from the decision-making stages to the doing-something stage is a change in mindset. 　　Human beings are a deliberative sort,weighing the pros and cons of future actions and remaining open to other ideas and influences.However,once a decision is taken,the mind becomes more "implemental" and focuses on the task at hand."The mindset towards 'where can I get a sandwich'," explains Ms Tu,"is more implemental than the mindset towards 'should I get a sandwich or not?'" 　　Ms Tu and Dr Soman advise in their paper that "the key step in getting things done is to get started." But what drives that? They believe the key that unlocks the implemental mode lies in how people categorise time.They suggest that tasks are more likely to be viewed with an implemental mindset if an imposed deadline is cognitively linked to "now" -a so-called like-the-present scenario.That might be a future date within the same month or calendar year,or pegged to an event with a familiar spot in the mind's timeline (being given a task at Christmas,say,with a deadline of Easter).Conversely,they suggest,a deadline placed outside such mental constructs (being "unlike-the-present" ) exists merely as a circle on a calendar,and as such is more likely to be considered deliberatively and then ignored until the last minute. 　　To <u>flesh out</u> this ideA.the pair carried out five sets of tests,with volunteers ranging from farmers in India to undergraduate students in Toronto.In one test,the farmers were offered a financial incentive to open a bank account and make a deposit within six months.The researchers predicted those approached in June would consider a deadline before December 31st as like-the-present.Those approached in July,by contrast,received a deadline into the next year,and were expected to think of their deadline as unlike-the-present.The distinction worked.Those with a deadline in the same year were nearly four times more likely to open the account immediately as those for whom the deadline lay in the following year.Arbitrary though calendars may be in parsing up the continuous fiow of time,humans parse their concept of time in line with <u>them.</u> 　　The effect can manifest itselfin even subtler ways.In another set of experiments,undergraduate students were given a calendar on a Wednesday and were asked to suggest an appropriate day to carry out certain tasks before the following Sunday.The trick was that some were given a calendar with all of the weekdays coloured purple,with weekends in beige (making a visual distinction between a Wednesday and the following Sunday).Others were given a calendar in which every other week,Monday to Sunday,was a solid colour (meaning that a Wednesday and the following Sunday were thus in the same week,and in the same colour).Even this minor visual cue affected how like-or unlike-the-present the respondents tended to view task priorities. 　　These and other bits of framing and trickery in the research support the same thesis: that making people link a future event to today triggers an implemental response,regardless of how far in the future the deadline actually lies.If the journey of l,000 miles starts with a single step,the authors might suggest that you take that step before this time next week.

解析：指代题。根据题干可以定位至第五段最后一句“Arbitrary though calendars may be in parsing up the continuous fiow oftime，humans parse their concept of time in line with them.”，意思是虽然日历会随意地描述不断流逝的时间，但人们仍然根据它们来定义时间。因此them指的是calendars。故本题选B。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]Which of the following is NOT a suitable pre-task activity?

Working in groups to recite the text.

解析：本题考查任务型教学法。“介绍主题”“把学生分为若干组并给他们分配任务”“提供与话题相关的重点单词和词组”属于任务前活动，“小组合作背诵课文”属于任务后活动。故本题选C。

[单选题]研究者以讲故事的方式表达对教育的理解和解释的方法是( )。

叙事研究

解析：叙事研究法就是以叙述故事的方式来描述人们的经验、行为和生活方式，通过所叙述的故事来探究经验、行为的意义，及其蕴含的思想和哲理。在教育研究领域，叙事研究就是通过描述和分析有意义的教学事件、教师生活和教育教学实践经验，来发掘或揭示内隐于日常工作、事件和行为背后的意义、思想、理念，从中发现教育问题，探究教育思想，揭示教育活动特点。教育叙事研究的基本特点是研究者以叙事、讲故事的方式来表达对教育的理解和解释。

[单选题]桑代克根据饿猫开笼取食的实验得出了学习的定律，包括准备律、练习律和效果律。( )A.正确B.错误

解析：桑代克根据饿猫开笼取食的实验得出了学习的三条定律，即准备律、练习律、效果律。

[多选题]当人意识到自己被关注的时候，他有意或无意地改变自己的行为，这种现象被称为霍桑效应。( )

解析：霍桑效应是指当被观察者知道自己成为被观察对象而改变行为倾向的反应。这种反应是主动的、有意的，而不是无意的。

[单选题]我国第一部记事详备的编年体史书( )。

《左传》

解析：《左传》是我国第一部记事详备的编年体史书。故选择B。A选项，《国语》是我国最早的一部国别体史书。C选项，《离骚》是我国诗史上最长的一首政治抒情诗。D选项，《春秋》是第一部编年体断代史。

[单选题]我国著名教育家叶圣陶先生提出"教是为了不教"，强调的是教学中应该重视( )。

培养能力

解析：题干中"教是为了不教"强调的是学会学习，也就是解决问题的能力培养，而与传授知识、发展个性和养成品德无关，因此排除ACD选项，故选择B。

[单选题]学习时，学习者利用一定的记忆术帮助掌握知识，这种学习策略属于( )。

精加工策略

解析：学习策略包括认知策略，元认知策略，资源管理策略。其中，认知策略包括复述策略，精加工策略，组织策略。精加工策略是一种将新学习材料与头脑中已有知识联系起来从而增加新信息意义的深层加工策略。精加工策略具体包括记忆术，提问，生成性学习，做笔记，联系实际生活，充分利用背景知识。其中，利用记忆术，就是对新知识进行深层次的加工，属于精加工的策略。故选择B。A选项，复述策略是指为了在记忆中保持所学信息而对信息进行重复识记的策略。包括排除干扰、多种感官想参与，复习形式多样化，划线等。C选项，组织策略是对相关内容进行归纳整理的过程。组织策略是整合所学新知识之间、新知识之间的内在联系，形成新的知识结构。常用的组织策略有列提纲、利用图形和表格，以及归类策略。D选项，元认知策略是指对认知的认知策略，也就是说，个体知道自己在想什么、干什么、干得怎么样及其情感体验。括计划策略、监视策略和调节策略。