正确答案: B

品德评价法

题目：学校德育工作中经常采用的表扬与批评、奖励与处分的德育方法属于

解析：品德评价法是教育者根据一定的要求和标准，对学生的思想品德进行肯定或否定的评价，促使其发扬优点，克服缺点，督促其不断进步的一种方法。它包括奖励、惩罚、评比和操行评定等方式。题干中学校在德育工作中对学生采用的表扬与批评、奖励与处分的方式是对学生品德进行的肯定或否定的评价，属于品德评价法。故本题选B。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　IF YOU want something done,the saying goes,give it to a busy person.It is an odd way to guarantee hitting deadlines.But a paper recently published in the Journal of Consumer Research suggests it may,in fact,be true-as long as the busy person conceptualises the deadline in the right way. 　　Yanping Tu of the University of Chicago and Dilip Soman of the University of Toronto 　　examined how individuals go about both thinking about and completing tasks.Previous studies have shown that such activity progresses through four distinct phases: pre-decision,post-decision (but pre-action),action and review.It is thought that what motivates the shift from the decision-making stages to the doing-something stage is a change in mindset. 　　Human beings are a deliberative sort,weighing the pros and cons of future actions and remaining open to other ideas and influences.However,once a decision is taken,the mind becomes more "implemental" and focuses on the task at hand."The mindset towards 'where can I get a sandwich'," explains Ms Tu,"is more implemental than the mindset towards 'should I get a sandwich or not?'" 　　Ms Tu and Dr Soman advise in their paper that "the key step in getting things done is to get started." But what drives that? They believe the key that unlocks the implemental mode lies in how people categorise time.They suggest that tasks are more likely to be viewed with an implemental mindset if an imposed deadline is cognitively linked to "now" -a so-called like-the-present scenario.That might be a future date within the same month or calendar year,or pegged to an event with a familiar spot in the mind's timeline (being given a task at Christmas,say,with a deadline of Easter).Conversely,they suggest,a deadline placed outside such mental constructs (being "unlike-the-present" ) exists merely as a circle on a calendar,and as such is more likely to be considered deliberatively and then ignored until the last minute. 　　To flesh out this ideA.the pair carried out five sets of tests,with volunteers ranging from farmers in India to undergraduate students in Toronto.In one test,the farmers were offered a financial incentive to open a bank account and make a deposit within six months.The researchers predicted those approached in June would consider a deadline before December 31st as like-the-present.Those approached in July,by contrast,received a deadline into the next year,and were expected to think of their deadline as unlike-the-present.The distinction worked.Those with a deadline in the same year were nearly four times more likely to open the account immediately as those for whom the deadline lay in the following year.Arbitrary though calendars may be in parsing up the continuous fiow of time,humans parse their concept of time in line with them. 　　The effect can manifest itselfin even subtler ways.In another set of experiments,undergraduate students were given a calendar on a Wednesday and were asked to suggest an appropriate day to carry out certain tasks before the following Sunday.The trick was that some were given a calendar with all of the weekdays coloured purple,with weekends in beige (making a visual distinction between a Wednesday and the following Sunday).Others were given a calendar in which every other week,Monday to Sunday,was a solid colour (meaning that a Wednesday and the following Sunday were thus in the same week,and in the same colour).Even this minor visual cue affected how like-or unlike-the-present the respondents tended to view task priorities. 　　These and other bits of framing and trickery in the research support the same thesis: that making people link a future event to today triggers an implemental response,regardless of how far in the future the deadline actually lies.If the journey of l,000 miles starts with a single step,the authors might suggest that you take that step before this time next week.

What is the author's primary purpose in writing this passage?

Illustrating the key point in meeting a deadline.

解析：主旨题。本文主要阐述了按时完成事情的关键，B项不符合文意；C、D两项均是文章的某个信息，并不能全面地描述作者的意图。故本题选A。

[单选题]学生文化是介于儿童世界和成人世界的一种文化现象，这说明了学生文化的( )特征。

过渡性

解析：学生文化的过渡性是指学生文化是介于儿童世界与成人世界的一种文化现象，是学生从儿童迈向成人的一种过渡性的产物。一方面，它表现为与成人相异的一些价值观念和行为方式，反映出其要求自主、独立的需求；另一方面，由于他们受教师的引导及家长的影响，也在一定程度上认同着成人的价值观念。故选择A。B项，学生文化的非正式性是指学生文化往往都是在日常的相互交往中，有着共同的价值观念和行为方式的个体结为一个群体而表现出来。同时，它对学生所形成的影响也是非正式的。C项，学生文化的多样性是指学生文化的类型是多种多样的，他们可能会因共同的种族、民族等特征结成一个相对独立的文化群体，也可能会因共同的社会经济背景而形成独特的社会阶层文化：他们可能会因性别的差异，在学校中表现出不同的性别文化特征，也可能会因年龄的不同，在不同的年龄阶段显现出不同的社会文化需求。D项，学生文化的互补性是指从整个学校文化来讲，学生文化作为一种独特的文化类型，是对学校文化的一种补充。人的生活是多侧面、多色彩的，人的主观能动性也是不断地在发挥着作用。从学生文化的不同类型和样式上来讲，年龄文化、性别文化、同伴文化等也会在发挥各自作用的同时互相渗透、互为补充。

[单选题]变换同类事物的非本质特征，以便突出事物的本质特征的是( )。

变式

解析：变式定义的内容之一是指通过变更对象的非本质特征以突出对象的本质特征而形成的表现形式。题干的描述符合这一定义，故选择D。

[单选题]Which of the following groups are complementary antonyms?

boy-girl

解析：本题考查词义关系。词汇之间的反义关系有三个主要次类：等级反义关系(gradable antonymy)、互补反义关系（complementary antonymy）和反向反义关系(converse antonymy)。good-bad互为等级反义关系，buy-sell和above-below互为反向反义关系，boy-girl互为互补反义关系。故本题选D。

[单选题]Passage 1 In the field of psychology, there's long been a certain haziness surrounding the definition of creativity, an I-know-it-when-I-see it attitude that has eluded a precise formulation. During our conversation, Beeman told me that he used to be reluctant to tell people what his area of study was, for fear of being dismissed or misunderstood. What, for instance, crosses your mind when you think of creativity?Well, we know that someone is creative if he produces new things or has new ideas. A choreographer, an artist, a writer, a scientist, or a mathematician with a novel discovery -these are the creatives, the people who bring something new into the world. And yet, as John Kounios, a psychologist at Drexel University who collaborates frequently with Beeman, points out, that view is wrong, or at least not entirely right. "Creativity is the process, not the product:' he says. To illustrate, Beeman offers an example. Imagine someone who has never used or seen a paperclip and is struggling to keep a bunch of papers together. Then the person comes up with a new way of bending a stiff wire to hold the papers in place. "That was very creative:' Beeman says. On the flip side, if someone works in a new field-Beeman gives the example of nanotechnology-anything that he produces may be considered inherently "creative." But was the act of producing it actually creative? As Beeman puts it, "Not all artists are creative. And some accountants are very creative." Insight, however, has proved less difficult to define and to study. Because it arrives at a specific moment in time, you can isolate it,examine it, and analyze its characteristics."Insight is only one part of creativity:'Beeman says. "But we can measure it. We have a temporal marker that something just happened in the brain. l'd never say that's all of creativity, but it's a central, identifiable component." When scientists examine insight in the lab, they are looking at what types of attention and thought processes lead to that moment of synthesis. If you are trying to facilitate a breakthrough, are there methods you can use that help? If you feel stuck on a problem, are there tricks to get you through? In a recent study, Beeman and Kounios followed people's gazes as they attempted to solve what's called the remote-associates test, in which the subject is given a series of words, like "pine:' "crab:' and "sauce:' and has to think of a single word that can logically be paired with all of them. They wanted to see if the direction of a person's eyes and her rate of blinking could shed light on her approach and on her likelihood of success. It turned out that if the subject looked directly at a word and focussed on it-that is, blinked less frequently, signalling a higher degree of close attention-she was more likely to be thinking in an analytical, convergent fashion, going through possibilities that made sense and systematically discarding those that didn't. If she looked at "pine:' say, she might be thinking of words like "tree:' "cone:' and "needle:' then testing each option to see if it fit with the other words. When the subject stopped looking at any specific word, either by moving her eyes or by blinking, she was more likely to think of broader, more abstract associations. That is a more insight-oriented approach. "You need to learn not just to stare but to look outside your focus:' Beeman says.(The solution to this remote-associates test."apple.") As it turns out, by simply following someone's eyes and measuring her blinks and fixation times (how long she looks at something before either looking away or closing her eyes), Beeman's group can predict how someone will likely solve a problem and when she is nearing that solution. That's an important consideration for would-be creative minds. it helps us understand how distinct patterns of attention may contribute to certain kinds of insights.

According to John Kounios, what does the underlined word"that"in PARAGRAPH TWO refer to?

The process of making a paperclip

解析：根据画线单词that前的句子“To illustrate Beeman offers an example. Imagine someone who has never used or seen a paperclip and is struggling to keep a bunch of papers together. Then the person comes up with a new way of bending a stiff wire to hold the papers in place.”可知，为了解释其观点.Beeman举了一个例子。试想一个从未使用过或者见过回形针的人正在努力将一堆纸叠在一起。然后他想到将一根金属丝掰弯以固定纸堆的办法。又根据第一段最后一句”Creativity is the process，not the product”可知that指的是做回形针的过程。故选择D。

[单选题] There are three kinds of goals: short-term, medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities, which we can apply on a daily basis. Such goals can be achieved in a week or less, or two weeks, or possible months. It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation, our long-term goals cannot amount to very much without the achievement of solid short-term goals. Upon completing our short-term goals, we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed. The intermediate goals bulk on the foundation of the short-range goals. They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year, or they could even extend for several years. Any time you move a step at a time, you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step, you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow and succeed. And as your list of completion dates grow, your motivation and desire will increase. Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing. We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.

It is implied but not stated in the Passage that ________.

everyone should have a goal

解析：1.细节题。短文第一段指出“…our long-term goals cannot amount to very much without the achievement of solid short-term goals.”即长期目标是否有意义，取决于我们是否打好了基础，即是否完成了短期目标。故选项A正确。 2.细节题。短文第一段最后一句指出“…then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.”由此可知，我们应该根据已完成的目标来确立新的短期目标。故答案为D。 3.细节题。短文第二段指出“As you complete each step，you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow and succeed.”即每完成一步，你就会更加相信你成长和成功的能力。故选项C正确。 4.细节题。短文最后两句指出“Life is not a static thing. We should never allow a long- term goal to limit us or our course of action.”即人生不会静止不变。我们决不应当让目标束缚我们的手脚，限制我们的行动进程。由此可知目标不是固定不变的，人们可以根据需要改变目标。故选项B正确。 5.推断题。短文主要讲述了三种目标的特点和作用，同时也指出了树立目标的重要性。由此可推断，作者认为每一个人都应该确立一个目标。故选项D正确。

[多选题]在众多教育研究方法中，调查法的突出优点是能有效验证教育现象之间的因果关系。( )

解析：教育调查法只能说明教育现象之间有某种关联，却不能肯定而可靠地确定现象之间的因果关系。