正确答案: B

More time should be saved for Ph.D.students to cultivate their professional skills.

题目：请阅读 Passage 2,完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble,but you can't appreciate just how much trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association.The report is about Ph.D.programs,which have been in decline since 2008.These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today,it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate,anD.at the end of your program,you're unlikely to find a tenure-track job. 　　The core of the problem is,of course,the job market.The M.L.A.report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph.D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation.If anything,<u>that's wildly optimistic</u>: the M.L.A.got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list (around six hundred) with the number of new graduates (about a thousand).But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting-not to mention the older professors who didn't receive tenure,and who now find themselves competing with their former students.In all likelihooD.the number of jobs per candidate is much smaller than the report suggests.That's why the mood is so <u>dire</u>—why even professors are starting to ask,in the committee's words,"Why maintain doctoral study in the modern languages and literatures-or the rest ofthe humanities-at all?" 　　Those trends,in turn,are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War.Essentially,colleges grew less elite and more vocational.Before the war,relatively few people went to college.Then,in the nineteen-fifties,the G.I.Bill anD.later,the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly.When the boom endeD.colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students.By the midseventies,schools were creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students-for instance,women and minorities. 　　Those reforms worked: as Nate Silver reported in the Times last summer,about twice as many people attend college per capita now as did forty years ago.But all that expansion changed colleges.In the past,they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts.Now,to attract middle-class students,colleges had to offer more career-focused majors,in fields like business,communications,and health care.As a result,humanities departments have found 　　themselves drifting away from the center of the university.Today,they are often regarded as a kind of institutional luxury,paid for by dynamiC.cheap,and growing programs in,say,adult-education.These large demographic facts are contributing to today's job-market crisis: they're why,while education as a whole is growing,the humanities aren't. 　　Given all this,what can an English department do? The M.L.A.report contains a number of suggestions.Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter: "Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years." <u>That</u> will probably require changing the dissertation from a draft of an academic book into something shorter and simpler.At the same time,graduate students are encouraged to "broaden" themselves: to "engage more deeply with technology" ; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to work in more than one discipline; to acquire teaching skills aimed at online and community-college students; and to take workshops on subjects,such as project management and grant writing,which might be of value outside of academiA.Graduate programs,the committee suggests,should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenureD.or even non-academiC.careers.They should keep track of what happens to their graduates,so that students who decide to leave academia have a non-academic alumni network to draw upon.

解析：推断题。根据最后一段中的“At the same time，graduate students are encouraged to‘broaden’ themselves: to engage more deeply with technology’; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to…”可知，在学习时间缩短后，学生可以把时间用来扩展自己：包括深入了解科技，研究与众不同的、富有想象力的论文项目等。B项表述与之符合。根据该段中的“Graduate programs，the committee suggests，should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenured.or even non-academic.”可排除D.A.C两项文章均未提及。故本题选B。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]提出教育为生活做准备观点的是( )。

斯宾塞

解析：斯宾塞作为教育科学的重要倡导者，提出了教育预备说，代表作有《什么知识最有价值》《教育论》。主要考点是他对传统的古典主义教育的批判：他把课程解释为教学内容的系统组织：科学知识最有价值：制定以科学知识为核心的课程体系。故选择D。A项，杜威是实用主义哲学创始人、进步教育代表人物，代表作有《民主主义与教育》。主要考点包括教育的本质是教育即生活、教育即生长、教育即经验的改组或改造（是其教育思想的基础与核心）；学校即社会；从做中学；五步教学法，创设疑难情景；确定疑难所在；提出解决问题的种种假设；推断哪个假设能解决这个困难：验证这个假设。B项，卢梭，法国启蒙思想家，教育家。代表作品《爱弥儿》。提倡自然主义教育思想，认为教育的任务应该使儿童"归于自然"一一自然主义教育：教育目的上强调个人本位。C项，洛克是英国教育家，代表著作有《教育漫话》，他是外铄论的代表人物，教育万能论代表人物，提出了"白板说"。认为人出生时心灵犹如白纸或白板，对任何事物均无印象；人的一切观念和知识都是外界事物在白板上留下的痕迹，最终都导源于经验一一教育万能论。洛克还倡导绅士教育。

[单选题]在原型内化阶段，对学生言语培养的重点应放在( )上。

考查言语的动作效应

解析：言语在原型内化阶段的作用在于巩固形成中的动作形象，并使动作表象得以进一步概括，从而向概念性动作映像转化。这时言语已转变成为动作的体现者，成为加工动作对象的工具。所以，这时培养的重点应放在考查言语的动作效应上。

[单选题]课程评价的基本阶段的第二步是( )。

搜集信息

解析：在课程评价中，评价者通常要经历以下几个步骤：(1)把焦点集中在所要研究的课程现象上；(2)搜集信息；(3)组织材料；( )分析资料；(5)报告结果。

[单选题] The ambiguity in "My friend drove me to the bank." is caused by ______.

polysemy

解析：考查语义学知识。一词多义(polysemy)经常会导致表达含糊不清，表达意思不清楚。本句的歧义在于不知道是开车带"我"去河边还是去银行。

[单选题] A student has something in his mind and he should ignore the irrelevant parts and read to locate specific information when reading. Which of the following strategies can be used?

Scanning.

解析：考查阅读策略。寻读是一种快速阅读方式，其目的是从较长的文字资料中查寻特定的细节内容。