正确答案: B

It correlates cultural differences with different brain activities.

题目：请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture-the language we speak,the values we absorb-shapes the brain,and are rethinking findings derived from studies of Westerners.To take one recent example,a region behind the forehead called the medial prefrontal cortex supposedly represents the self: it is active when we ( "we" being the Americans in the study) think of our own identity and traits.But with Chinese volunteers,the results were strikingly different.The "me" circuit hummed not only when they thought whether a particular adjective described themselves,but also when they considered whether it described their mother.The Westerners showed no such overlap between self and mom.Depending whether one lives in a culture that views the self as autonomous and unique or as connected to and part of a larger whole,this neural circuit takes on quite different functions. 　　"Cultural neuroscience" ,as this new field is calleD.is about discovering such differences.Some of the findings,as with the "me/mom" circuit,buttress longstanding notions of cultural differences.For instance,it is a cultural cliche that Westerners focus on individual objects while East Asians pay attention to context and background (another manifestation of the individualism-collectivism split).Sure enough,when shown complex,busy scenes,Asian-Americans and non-Asian-Americans recruited different brain regions.The Asians showed more activity in areas that process figure-ground relations-holistic context-while the Americans showed more activity in regions that recognize objects. 　　Psychologist Nalini Ambady of Tufts found something similar when she and colleagues showed drawings of people in a submissive pose (head down,shoulders hunched) or a dominant one (arms crosseD.face forward) to Japanese and Americans.The brain's dopamine-fueled reward circuit became most active at the sight of the stance-dominant for Americans,submissive for Japanese-that each volunteer's culture most values,they reported in 2009.This raises an obvious chicken-and-egg question,but the smart money is on culture shaping the brain,not vice versa.Cultural neuroscience wouldn't be <u>making waves</u> if it found neurobiological bases only for well-known cultural differences.It is also uncovering the unexpected.For instance,a 2006 study found that native Chinese speakers use a different region of the brain to do simple arithmetic (3 + 4) or decide which number is larger than native English speakers do,even though both use Arabic numerals.The Chinese use the circuits that process visual and spatial information and plan movements (the latter may be related to the use of the abacus).But English speakers use language circuits.It is as if the West conceives numbers as just words,but the East imbues them with symboliC.spatial freight.(Insert cliche about Asian math geniuses.) "One would think that neural processes involvng basic mathematical computations are universal," says Ambady,but they "seem to be culture-specific". 　　Not to be the skunk at this party,but I thunk it's important to ask whether neuroscience reveals anything more than we already know from,say,anthropology.For instance,it's well known that East Asian cultures prize the collective over the individual,and that Americans do the opposite.Does identifying brain correlates of those values offer any extra insight? After all,it's not as if anyone thought those values are the result of something in the liver. 　　Ambady thinks cultural neuro-science does advance understanding.Take the me/mom finding,which,she argues,"attests to the strength of the overlap between self and people close to you in collectivistic cultures and the separation in individualistic cultures.It is important to push the analysis to the level of the brain." Especially when it shows how fundamental cultural differences are-so fundamental,perhaps,that "universal" notions such as human rights,democracy,and the like may be no such thing.

解析：细节题。由第三段及所举例子（在算数时中国人和说英语的人大脑的思维方式不同）可知，文化神经学的重大突破是它把文化差异与大脑活动联系起来。故本题选B。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]最早提出经典性条件作用的人是( )。

巴甫洛夫

解析：本题考查了行为主义理论的代表人物。其中，最早提出经典性条件作用论的是巴甫洛夫。故选择C。A选项，1903年美国教育学家桑代克发表了《教育心理学》一书，这是西方第一本以"教育心理学"命名的著作。桑代克因此也被称为"教育心理学之父"。B选项，斯金纳，新行为主义心理学家，提出操作性条件反射，系统论述了强化理论，提出了程序教学法。D选项，苛勒提出完形一顿悟说，他认为学习是个体利用本身的智慧与理解力对情境及情境与自身关系的顿悟，而不是动作的累积或盲目的尝试。

[单选题]在我国文学史上，被称为"诗仙"、"诗圣"、"诗鬼"的唐代诗人是( )。

李白、杜甫、李贺

解析：李白：唐代浪漫主义诗人的代表，被称为"诗仙"。很多作品选入语文课文，代表作《蜀道难》（"蜀道之难，难于上青天"）、《将进酒》（"将进酒，君莫愁"）、《望庐山瀑布》（"飞流直下三干尺，疑是银河落九天"）、《梦游天姥吟留别》（"安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜"）、《静夜思》（"床前明月光"）、《侠客行》（"十步杀一人，千里不留行"）、《子夜秋歌》（"长安一片月，万户捣衣声"）等。杜甫：唐代现实主义诗人，由于关心人间疾苦，被誉为"诗圣"，其诗被誉为"诗史"，代表作"三吏"（《石壕吏》《新安吏》和《潼关吏》）、"三别"（《新婚别》《无家别》和《垂老别》）、《春望》（"烽火连三月，家书抵万金"）、《登高》（"无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来"）、《望岳》（"会当凌绝顶，一览众山小"）、《春夜喜雨》（"随风潜入夜，润物细无声"）、《茅屋为秋风所破歌》（"安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜"）、《蜀相》（"丞相祠堂何处寻？锦官城外柏森森""出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟"）。李贺：唐代诗人，题材多体现鬼神，被称为"诗鬼"。代表作品：《雁门太守行》（"黑云压城城欲摧，甲光向日金鳞开"）、《李凭箜篌引》（"吴质不眠倚桂树，露脚斜飞湿寒兔"）。白居易：唐代诗人，我国唐代伟大的现实主义诗人。与元稹共同发起了一场诗歌革新运动--"新乐府运动"。写诗投入犹如发魔怔，称为"诗魔"和"诗王"。代表作品：《长恨歌》（"天生丽质难自弃，一朝选在君王侧""回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色""在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝""天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期"）《琵琶行》（"别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声""同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识！""座中泣下谁最多？江州司马青衫湿。"）《卖炭翁》、《忆江南》（"日出江花红胜火，春来江水绿如蓝"）、《大林寺桃花》（"人间四月芳菲尽，山寺桃花始盛开"）、《钱唐湖春行》（"乱花渐欲迷人眼，浅草才能没马蹄"）、《观刈麦》等。故选择B。

[单选题]加涅根据学习情境由简单到复杂，学习水平由高到低的顺序把学习分成八类，( )指对刺激进行分类，学会对同一类刺激做出相同反应，也就是对事物的抽象特征的反应。

概念学习

解析：概念学习指学会认识一类事物的共同属性，并对同类事物的抽象特征作出反应。例如，将猫、狗、鼠等概括为"动物"，就是概念学习。题干所述为概念学习。

[单选题]在古代欧洲曾经出现过一种旨在培养多方面发展的人的和谐教育，它是( )。

雅典教育

解析：雅典非常重视教育，但在教育内容中有更多智育的成分，注重身心和谐发展。教育机构有文法学校、弦琴学校和体操学校等，旨在培养多方面发展的人的和谐教育。故选择B。A项，斯巴达的教育完全由国家控制，其教育目的完全取决于统治阶级的政治、军事需要。斯巴达重视军事体操和道德训练，而文化教育和科学教育被认为是无意义的事情。其体育训练的基本项目是"五项竞技"，即赛跑、跳跃、角力、投标枪、掷铁饼。C项，教会学校，是为了传播教义，开办教会学校，教会学校最初都是在沿海的通商口岸，规模较小，多是小学，免费招收贫苦人家的孩子。D项，骑士学校，主要课程有骑士七技，即骑马、游泳、投枪、击剑、打猎、下棋、吟诗。

[单选题]中学老师上课时不能使用过于幼稚的语气词，不能把中学生当小学生看：同时也不能使用过于抽象的词汇，把中学生当成年人看。这是因为教师应关注到学生身心发展的( )。

阶段性

解析：阶段性，强调不同阶段学生有不同发展特点，有不同的教育内容和教育方法：教育启示：不能搞"一刀切"、"一锅煮"。题干中，中学教师"不把中学生当小学生看"，"不能使用过于抽象的词汇"，是注意了中学阶段的特点，给予不同的教学方法，故选择D。A选项个别差异性，强调不同学生间存在差异。教学启示：有的放矢，因材施教。B选项顺序性，强调发展过程是由低级到高级，有顺序的发展过程。教学启示：要循序渐进，不能"拔苗助长"。C选项互补性，强调某一种身心机能出现缺失，其它机能进行补充：教育启示：结合实际、扬长避短。

[单选题] That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.Socalled intelligent behavior demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice(or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive.In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted co have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Indeed, when one′s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief: Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded of people who(by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.This forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output).Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

From the evolutionary point of view, _______’

sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences

解析：1.原文第二段指出，如果一段时间内我们不对自己所学的进行练习，那么很快就会有所遗忘，在这种情况下适应性的后果也许不太明显。但是突发性失忆却会给适应性带来明显后果。故选A。 2.原文第三段表明，不遗忘的话，适应力就会变差。记录也显示不遗忘的人的生活是混乱的。故选B。 3.原文最后一段提到，研究表明记忆存储系统有限，而遗忘能力可对其进行灵活调节。在学习记忆（输入）与遗忘（输出）之间不断调节。事实证明，个人的遗忘率与他学习多少有直接关系。故选D。 4.本文通篇都在讨论遗忘对于人的适应机制的重要性，行文严谨，理论性很强，故选B。 5.通读全文可知，全文都在谈论遗忘的作用及其重要性，故选A。

[单选题]教师角色态度动态发展的关键因素是( )。

学生的表现、要求和反馈

解析：学生是教育的主体，教师角色转变也要以学生为中心。学生的表现、要求和反馈是教师角色态度动态发展的关键因素。