正确答案: C

七七事变

题目：下列选项中，标志着日本开始全面侵华的事件是( )。

解析：1937年7月7日，日本制造卢沟桥"七七事变"标志着日本全面侵华战争的开始。故选择C。A选项，1931年9月18日，日本关东军进攻东沈阳北大营，制造了"九一八事变"，标志着日本侵华战争的开始。B选项，1932年1月28日，日军进攻上海，制造了"一二八事变"，十九路军奋起反抗，史称"一二八淞沪抗战"。D选项，1937年8月13日，中国军队与日军血战上海，史称"八一三事变"，拉开淞沪会战的序幕。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[多选题]教师是既定课程的阐述者和传递者，学生是既定课程的接收者和吸收者，这是新课程倡导的教学观。( )

解析：这是传统教学的观点。而新课改的教学观强调教学要从教育者为中心"转向"学习者为中心"、从教会学生知识"转向教会学生学习"、从"重结论轻过程"转向"重结论的同时更重过程"、教学从"关注学科"转向"关注人"。

[单选题]教师在书写板书时，要求尽量用白色粉笔，所依据的感知规律是( )。

差异律

解析：差异律针对的是感知对象与它的背景的差异而言。凡是观察对象与背景的差别越大，对象就被感知的越清晰。白色粉笔与黑板，形成明显的差异，依据的即是差异律。

[单选题]不属于智力技能特点的一项是( )。

动作结果的意识性

解析：智力技能的特点有：对象具有观念性，执行具有内潜性，结构具有简缩性。

[单选题]The Ancient Greek philosopher Pythagorasis best known today for his mathematicaltheorem, which haunts the dreams ofmany geometry students, but for centurieshe was also celebrated as the father ofvegetarianism. A meatless diet was referred to as a “Pythagorean diet” for years, up until themodern vegetarian movement began in themid-1800s. 　　While Pythagoras was an early proponent of ameatless diet, humans have been vegetarianssince well before recorded history. Most anthropologists agree that early humanswould have eaten a predominantly plant-based diet; after all, plants can't run away.Additionally, our digestive systems resemblethose of herbivores closer than carnivorous animals. Prehistoric man ate meat, of course,but plants formed the basis of his diet. 　　Pythagoras and his many followers practicedvegetarianism for several reasons, mainly dueto religious and ethical objections. Pythagoras believed all living beings had souls. Animalswere no exception, so meat and fish were banished from his table. Strangely enough, he also banished a vegetable that has a place ofhonor on most vegetarian menus today, thehumble bean. His followers were forbidden to eat or even touch beans, because he thought beans and humans were created from thesame material. Fava beans were especially bad, as they have hollow steams that could allow the souls of the dead to travel up fromthe soil into the growing beans. 　　While the edict against beans was liftednot long after Pythagoras' death, hisfollowers continued to eat a meatless diet.His principles influenced generations of academics and religious thinkers, and it was a group of these like-minded individuals whofounded the Vegetarian Society in English inthe mid-1800s. The virtues of temperance,abstinence and self-control were all tied tovegetarian ideals, while lust, drunkenness and general hooliganism all resulted from a diet too rich in meat products. Notable earlyvegetarians included Leo Tolstoy, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi and American Bronson Alcott, a Transcendentalist teacher,reformer and the father of “Little Women”author Louisa May Alcott. 　　It wasn't until the 1960s that vegetarianismmoved into mainstream American life and themovement's growth picked up speed in the 1970s when a young graduate student namedFrancis Moore Lappe wrote a book called Diet for a Small Planet. In it, she advocated ameatless diet not for ethical or moral reasons,but because plant-based foods have muchless impact on the environment than meat does. Today, many vegetarians refuse meat because of animal rights issues, or concernsover animal treatment, a principle first espoused in Peter Singer's 1975 work AnimalLiberation.

Which of the following statements fails to be inferred from the passage?

After his death, Pythagoras followers continued to eat beans.

解析：句意为“以下哪个选项不能从文章中推断出来？”。A项，意为“毕达哥拉斯支持并且践行不吃肉”，根据文章第一段可知毕达哥拉斯是“素食主义之父”。B项，意为“毕达哥拉斯死后，他的追随者继续吃豆子”，根据第二段可知毕达哥拉斯生前认为豆子和人类是有灵魂的，因此禁止他的追随行吃豆子。再根据第四段第一句话“Wh.le the edict against beans was lifted not long afterPythagoras' death, his followers continued to eat a meatless diet.”可知，尽管在毕达哥拉斯死后，不吃豆子这一点没有坚持太久，但是他的追随者仍然坚持不吃肉。C项，意为“毕达哥拉斯影响了很多不吃肉的人”根据第四段第二句“His principles influenced generations of academics and religious thinkers.”可推断毕达哥拉斯影响了几代学者、思想家及个人。D项，意为“毕达哥拉斯出于宗教和伦理的原因拒绝吃肉”根据第二段第一句“Pythagoras and his manyfollowers practiced vegetarianism for severalreasons,mainly due to religious and ethicalobjections.”可知，毕达哥拉斯和他的追随者坚持实践素食主义主要是出于宗教和道德原因。根据第三段可知Pythagoras生前认为豆子和人类一样是有灵魂的，因此禁止追随者吃豆子。故选择B。

[单选题]太阳系是太阳和以太阳为中心、受它的引力支配而环绕它运动的天体所构成的系统，其中包含八大行星。下列行星中，距离太阳最远的是( )。

海王星

解析：太阳系八大行星距离太阳由近到远依次为水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。

[单选题]teachers who adopt the________model for reading comprehension may start teaching atext by introducing new vocabulary and structures.

bottom-up

解析：本题考查阅读教学模式。句意为“教师在教授阅读时首先从新单词和句型结构开始，这是采用了____教学模式”。自下而上的教学模式（bottom-up model）主张从较小的语言单位开始教学，即从单词、句子逐渐解码，进而达到对整个段落、最后到整篇文章的理解。自上而下的教学模式(top-down model)主张在阅读教学中重视背景知识的导人，要求学生对文章进行预测，然后阅读、检验、修订自己的预测，再进行新的预测。故本题选D。