正确答案:

题目：阅读下面材料，根据要求作文。 　　一位主持人问一名立志做飞行员的小朋友："假如有一天，你架着飞机飞到太平洋上空时，熄火了，你会怎么办？"小朋友想了想说："我会先让大家绑好安全带，然后我乘着降落伞跳出去。"有观众问他："你为什么一个人逃生，丢下大家不管？"小孩满含眼泪，显得很委屈。主持人又问："为什么你要这么做？"小孩急切地说："我要去拿燃料，我还要回来！" 　　要求： 　　用规范的现代汉语写作。自定立意，自拟题目，自选文体。不少于800字。

解析：【解析】（一）评分标准： 　　一等(50-38)紧密围绕教育背景、教师身份写作，立意切合"教师的职业光辉伟大""教师的工作职责"等题意，中心突出，内容充实、情真意切、结构严谨、文体明确、语言优美、引经据典、字体优美；（教育学、心理学、教师职业素养，结合教育场景、学生心理，站在教育事业发展、教育体制改革的维度书写） 　　二等(37-25)站在教师立场思考主题，中心符合"教师应具备哪些知识技能""教师应具备那些专业素质"等角度，中心明确，内容较充实、感情真实、结构完整、文体突出、语言通顺、字迹清楚：（符合教师的职业素养，稍微联系理论和现实） 　　三等(24-12)中心基本符合题意、基本明确，内容单薄、感情基本真实、结构基本完整、文体基本符合、语言基本通顺、字迹潦草： 　　四等(11-0)"三观"观念错误，中心偏离题意、不明或立意不当、内容空洞、文体不明、矫揉造作、结构混乱、语病多、字迹难辨。（不具备作为教师的基本素质和辨别是非的能力，基本写作能力欠缺） 　　（二）写作硬性扣分项目：写作与文章相关的硬伤主要集中在内容残缺和语言表达基本功上，主要几大硬性扣分项目有：标题：不写，扣5分；文章结尾：不写，字数多于600字，扣10分；少于600字，残文11分以下；语句错误：2个扣1分，5个扣3分，多余5个，字句错误降等，降12分。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]小丽考试不理想，发卷子时，刘老师对她说："你好穿'耐克'，赶紧回家换'特步'吧！耐克的表示'√'，特步的才是'×'！"小丽顿时羞红了脸，这表明了刘老师()。

无视学生人格尊严

解析：《中小学教师职业道德规范》（2008年修订）"关爱学生"规定，教师要关爱学生，不讽刺、挖苦、歧视学生，不体罚或变相体罚学生。题目中刘老师的做法是在挖苦学生，没有尊重学生的人格尊严。故选择B。

[单选题]在Word中，不能操作实现的是( )。

在页眉中插入分页符

解析："页眉和页脚"命令，在页眉编辑状态下，在相应位置输入内容即可。可用页眉和页脚工具栏，插入日期、页码、剪切画等。但在页眉中不能直接插入分页符。故选择C。

[单选题]主张教育目的要根据社会需要来决定，认为个人只是教育加工培养的对象，教育的目标在于把受教育者培养成符合社会准则文化教育的公民观点的是( )。

社会本位论

解析：社会本位教育目的论的观点是从社会发展需要出发，注重教育的社会价值；主张教育的目的是培养合格公民和社会成员；教育是国家的事业；评价教育要看其对社会的发展贡献的指标。其代表人物有赫尔巴特、柏拉图、孔德、涂尔干、凯兴斯泰纳等。故选择B。A选项，个人本位教育目的论的观点是从个体本能需要出发，强调教育要服从人的成长规律和满足人的需要；注重教育对个人的价值；主张教育的目的是培养"自然人"，发展人的个性，增进人的价值，促使个人自我实现。其代表人物有卢梭、罗杰斯、福禄贝尔、裴斯泰洛齐等。C选项，形式教育形成于17世纪，代表人物主要有英国教育家洛克和瑞士教育家裴斯泰洛齐。形式教育论者认为，教学的主要任务在于通过开设希腊文、拉丁文、逻辑、文法和数学等学科发展学生的智力，至于学科内容的实用意义则是无关紧要的，形式教育以官能心理学为基础。D选项，实质教育是在18世纪末和19世纪初出现的，德国教育家赫尔巴特和英国教育家斯宾塞是其主要代表。实质教育论认为，教学的主要任务在于传授给学生对生活有用的知识，至于学生的智力则无须进行特别的培养和训练，实质教育以联想主义心理学为基础。

[单选题]下列不属于具体的观察方法的是( )。

分层抽样法

解析：分层抽样法是调查法中的抽样调查的具体方法。

[单选题]小刚数学基础很好，对数学中的定理、公式很容易就能记住，这种记忆是( )。

逻辑记忆

解析：以词语为中介、以逻辑思维成果为内容的记忆就是逻辑记忆。概念、定理、公式、观点等都属于逻辑记忆。

[单选题]某学生背诵复习资料时，在刚达到背诵的基础上，为了防止遗忘，又继续追加背诵了几遍，这种学习属于( )。

过度学习

解析：过度学习是指学习达到恰好能背诵之后再继续学习。本题中学生在刚达到背诵基础上又背诵了几遍，属于恰好能背诵之后的再继续学习。

[单选题]我们对优秀学生进行奖励，不仅可以激励优秀学生也可以激励一般学生，是因为一般学生受到了( )。

替代性强化

解析：替代性强化是指观察到榜样的行为或行为结果而受到的强化。

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble,but you can't appreciate just how much trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association.The report is about Ph.D.programs,which have been in decline since 2008.These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today,it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate,anD.at the end of your program,you're unlikely to find a tenure-track job. 　　The core of the problem is,of course,the job market.The M.L.A.report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph.D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation.If anything,that's wildly optimistic: the M.L.A.got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list (around six hundred) with the number of new graduates (about a thousand).But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting-not to mention the older professors who didn't receive tenure,and who now find themselves competing with their former students.In all likelihooD.the number of jobs per candidate is much smaller than the report suggests.That's why the mood is so dire—why even professors are starting to ask,in the committee's words,"Why maintain doctoral study in the modern languages and literatures-or the rest ofthe humanities-at all?" 　　Those trends,in turn,are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War.Essentially,colleges grew less elite and more vocational.Before the war,relatively few people went to college.Then,in the nineteen-fifties,the G.I.Bill anD.later,the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly.When the boom endeD.colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students.By the midseventies,schools were creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students-for instance,women and minorities. 　　Those reforms worked: as Nate Silver reported in the Times last summer,about twice as many people attend college per capita now as did forty years ago.But all that expansion changed colleges.In the past,they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts.Now,to attract middle-class students,colleges had to offer more career-focused majors,in fields like business,communications,and health care.As a result,humanities departments have found 　　themselves drifting away from the center of the university.Today,they are often regarded as a kind of institutional luxury,paid for by dynamiC.cheap,and growing programs in,say,adult-education.These large demographic facts are contributing to today's job-market crisis: they're why,while education as a whole is growing,the humanities aren't. 　　Given all this,what can an English department do? The M.L.A.report contains a number of suggestions.Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter: "Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years." That will probably require changing the dissertation from a draft of an academic book into something shorter and simpler.At the same time,graduate students are encouraged to "broaden" themselves: to "engage more deeply with technology" ; to pursue unusual and imaginative dissertation projects; to work in more than one discipline; to acquire teaching skills aimed at online and community-college students; and to take workshops on subjects,such as project management and grant writing,which might be of value outside of academiA.Graduate programs,the committee suggests,should accept the fact that many of their students will have non-tenureD.or even non-academiC.careers.They should keep track of what happens to their graduates,so that students who decide to leave academia have a non-academic alumni network to draw upon.

What does "that" in the last paragraph refer to?

The idea of designing a shorter program.

解析：指代题。“that”指代的是前文内容“Pride of place is given to the idea that grad school should be shorter:‘Departments should design programs that can be completed in five years.’”该句提到M.L.A.报告里的一个想法——研究生的学制应该缩短，其课程应该能在5年内完成。A项表述与此相符。原文仅提到完成课程，并没有提及拿到学位，故排除B。C项中的“撰写更短的论文”是缩短学习时间造成的结果，并不是that指代的内容，故排除。D项中的suggestions用的是复数，指M.L.A.提供的所有建议，而that仅指代其中的一条，故排除。故本题选A。