正确答案:

题目：简述知觉的基本特征。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]下列心理学家与其理论相匹配的是( )。

奥苏伯尔一有意义接受学习理论

解析：苛勒提出顿悟说，桑代克提出了试误说，布鲁纳提出了发现学习理论，奥苏伯尔提出了有意义接受学习理论。

[单选题]根据艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，为了学习效果更好，学生应该( )。

及时复习

解析：艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线表明，遗忘在学习之后立即开始，而且遗忘的过程最初进展得很快，以后逐渐缓慢；过了相当的时间后，几乎不再遗忘。防止遗忘最重要的措施是及时复习。

[单选题]学校产生所需要的三个基本条件是( )。

剩余劳动、社会需要、文字

解析：学校产生所需要的三个基本条件是剩余劳动、社会需要、文字。社会生产力水平的提高，为学校的产生提供了必要的物质基础：脑力劳动与体力劳动的分离，为学校的产生提供了专门从事教育活动的知识分子：文字的产生和知识的记载与整理达到了一定的程度，使人类的间接经验传递面临可能；国家机器的产生，需要专门的教育机构来培养官吏和知识分子。

[多选题]教学的任务就是向学生传授知识。

[单选题]What kind of curriculum evaluation does the new curriculum reform advocate?

Basing on the process, promoting the development.

解析：考查新课程评价体系。新一轮课程改革倡导“立足过程，促进发展”的课程评价，这不仅仅是评价体系的变革，更重要的是评价理念、评价方法与手段以及评价实施过程的转变。

[单选题]请阅读Passage 2，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people.Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies," says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wurzburg,Germany,who led the research. 　　"The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies,but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life,within the last trimester," said Wermke."Contrary to orthodox interpretations,these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development." 　　It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus,in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is,since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound." says Wermke.This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages,they must have some control (presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs,throat,mouth,and larynx.If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like,all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern,since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases.French babies apparently didn't get that memo."German and French infants produce different types of cries,even though they share the same physiology," the scientists point out."The French newborns produce 'nonphysiological' rising patterns," showing that the sound of their cries is under their control. 　　Although phonemes—speech sounds such as "ki" or "sh"—don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus,so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do.These are the variations in pitch,rhythm,and intensity that characterize each language.Just as newboms remember and prefer actual songs that they heard in utero,it seems,so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language. 　　The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech.That acquisition,it is now clear,begins months before birth,probably in the third trimester.Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation pattems of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these pattems in their own　［sound］　production," conclude the scientists.Newborns' "cries are already tuned toward their native language" ,giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or,presumably,English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages).This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort.Sure,we may come into the world wired for language (thank you,Noam Chomsky),but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language. 　　Until this study,scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than 12 weeks of age.That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound.But that's the beginning of true speech.It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive,remember,and play back,they should look at the sound babies produce best.So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.

Why do German and French babies produce different types of cries according to the research?

Because they can somehow control their sound production.

解析：推断题。根据原文第三段提到的“This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages,they must have some control...showing that the sound of their cries is under their control.”可知，法国婴儿与德国婴儿虽然具有相同的生理结构，但他们可以发出不同类型的哭声，这是因为他们可以控制自己的发声。故本题选D。

[单选题]Which of the following would a teacher encourage students to do in order to develop their cognitive strategies?

To summarize a story.

解析：本题考查课程标准知识。题干：为了培养学生的认知策略，教师会鼓励学生怎样做？A项“制订学习计划”，B项“概述故事”，c项“大声读文章”，D项“做句型练习”。认知策略是指学习者为了完成具体学习任务而采取的步骤和方法，同时也包括学习者加工信息的一些方法和技术。概述属于加工信息的一种方法。故本题选B。

[单选题]被称为"现代教育心理学之父"的心理学家是( )。

桑代克

解析：1903年美国教育学家桑代克发表了《教育心理学》一书，这是西方第一本以教育心理学"命名的著作，桑代克因此也被称为"教育心理学之父"。故选择B。