正确答案: C

人口变化

题目：近年来我国对农村中小学的布局结构进行了调整。这主要反映了下列哪一因素对教育的影响?（ ）

解析：受城市化的影响，大量的农民工进城务工，农村的人口不断减少。对农村中小学的布局结构进行调整，反映的就是人口对教育的影响。故本题选C。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]按科尔伯格的观点，划分儿童道德发展阶段主要看其( )。

道德判断能力发展情况

解析：科尔伯格用道德两难故事法，在道德判断能力的发展方面鉴别出了六个阶段

[单选题]Which of the following instructions is helpful in developing students' ability to make inferences?

Listen to a story and work out the writer's intention.

解析：本题考查听力技能教学。题于：以下哪项指令有助于培养学生的推断能力？A项“听故事，写摘要”，B项“听故事，确定作者的意图”，C项“听一个男孩的故事，然后画一幅他的画”，D项“听故事，记下事件的具体日期”。在听力技能教学中，让学生通过听材料来分析和判断作者意图，即根据听力材料中的已有信息推断出未知信息，这可以训练学生的推断能力。故本题选B。

[单选题]下列关于教育家及其著作的说法，正确的是( )。

美国教育家杜威是实用主义的代表人物，其代表作是《民主主义与教育》

解析：A项《实验教育学》的作者足拉伊，B项《学记》是最早专门论述教育问题的专著：C项近代最早的教育学著作足夸美纽斯的《大教学论》。

[单选题] A proverb allegedly from ancient China was widely spread in the west:"If you want to be happy for a few hours, go to get drunk; if you want a lifetime happiness, take up gardening." The reason for the last option is this: Gardening is not only useful, but it helps you to identify yourself with nature, and thus brings you new joy each day besides improving your health. A research of a US university that I've read gives a definition of happiness as what makes a person feel comfortably pleased. To put it specifically, happiness is an active state of mind where one thinks one's life is meaningful, satisfactory and comfortable. This should be something lasting rather than transitory. Lots of people regard it the happiest to be at leisure. But according to a study, it is not a person with plenty of leisure but one at work that feels happy, especially those busy with work having little time for leisure. Happiness does not spell gains one is after but a desire to harvest what one is seeking for. People often do not cherish what they already have but yearn for what they cannot get. That is somewhat like a man indulging in fond dreams of numerous lovers while reluctant to settle down with the woman beside him. Happiness is a game balancing between two ends-what one has and what one wishes for,e.g. one's dream and the possibility to realize it. The study comes to this conclusion: A happy man is one who aims high but never forgets his actual situation; one who meets challenges that tap his ability and potentiality; one who is proud of his achievements and the recognition given to him. He has self-respect and self-confidence; treasures his own identity and loves freedom. He is sociable and enjoys wide-range communication with others; he is helpful and ready to accept assistance. He knows he is able to endure sufferings and frustrations; he is sensible enough to get fun from daily chores. He is a man capable of love and passion.

According to the Passage, gardening can bring lifelong happiness because ________.

gardener can build good relationship with nature

解析：1.细节题。短文第一段最后一句指出“it helps you to identify yourself with nature， and thus brings you new joy each day besides improving your health”，可知园艺可以帮助你与大自然融合在一起，改善你的健康，给你带来新的快乐。故选项D正确。 2.细节题。根据短文第三段第二句“But according to a study，it is not a person with plenty ofleisure but one at work that feels happy, especially those busy with work having little time for leisure.”可知研究表明，工作着的人最快乐。故选项C正确。 3.细节题。短文第三段最后两句指出“People often do not cherish what they already have but yearn for what they cannot get. That is somewhat like a man indulging in fond dreams of numerous lovers while reluctant to settle down with the woman beside him.”由此可知作者用有些男人沉迷于有很多情人的这个例子来表明人们常常不会珍惜已经拥有的，却渴望那些得不到的。故选项D正确。 4.推断题。短文最后一段第二句指出“…A happy man is one who aims high but never forgets his actual situation…”这句话意思正好与选项B相反。而选项A、C、D表达的内容都符合原文对 happy man快乐的人的表述。故选B。 5.细节题。由短文最后一段第一句“Happiness is a game balancing between two ends- what one has and what one wishes for…”可知“快乐是一个在两端之间寻找平衡的游戏——一个人所拥有的和他所希望得到的”。故选项D正确。

[单选题]请阅读Passage 2，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people.Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies," says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wurzburg,Germany,who led the research. 　　"The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies,but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life,within the last trimester," said Wermke."Contrary to orthodox interpretations,these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development." 　　It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus,in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is,since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound." says Wermke.This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages,they must have some control (presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs,throat,mouth,and larynx.If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like,all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern,since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases.French babies apparently didn't get that memo."German and French infants produce different types of cries,even though they share the same physiology," the scientists point out."The French newborns produce 'nonphysiological' rising patterns," showing that the sound of their cries is under their control. 　　Although phonemes—speech sounds such as "ki" or "sh"—don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus,so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do.These are the variations in pitch,rhythm,and intensity that characterize each language.Just as newboms remember and prefer actual songs that they heard in utero,it seems,so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language. 　　The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech.That acquisition,it is now clear,begins months before birth,probably in the third trimester.Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation pattems of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these pattems in their own　［sound］　production," conclude the scientists.Newborns' "cries are already tuned toward their native language" ,giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or,presumably,English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages).This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort.Sure,we may come into the world wired for language (thank you,Noam Chomsky),but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language. 　　Until this study,scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than 12 weeks of age.That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound.But that's the beginning of true speech.It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive,remember,and play back,they should look at the sound babies produce best.So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word "ambient" in Paragraph 2?

Surrounding.

解析：词汇题。根据画线词定位到第二段。该段描述了婴儿在子宫中听到的声音是来自周围的语言。另外文章倒数第二段中也提到了“Newboms‘not only have memorized…oftheir respective surrounding language…'"。所以“ambient”与“surrounding”的意思接近，本题选A。familiar“熟悉的”，foreign“外国的”，local“当地的”。

[单选题]王老师把自己的精力用于培养优秀的学生，很少留意成绩一般的学生，该老师的做法( )。

违背了公正施教的要求

解析：以人为本的学生观强调，面向全体学生，实现教育公正，"一切为了每一位学生的发展"。作为一名教师更应该公平公正地对待每一位学生。题目中的王老师仅依据成绩对学生作出评价且很少留意成绩一般的学生，违背了公正施教的原则，故选择C项。

[单选题]When the teacher asks questions,which one should be EXCEPTed?

Questions should be focused on those who can answer them.

解析：本题考查课堂提问。课堂学习是学生集体的活动，教师提出的每一个问题者都应尽量产生群体效益，保证全体学生都有时间、有动力对问题进行思考。提问以及问题的设置应该考虑全体学生。故本题选C。

[单选题]儿童思维具有一定的弹性，可以进行可逆性推理：去自我中心化，能从他人的角度考虑问题：能进行多维度的思维：已经获得了长度、体积、重量和面积等的守恒概念：开始能凭借具体事物或从具体事物中获得的表象进行逻辑思维和群集运算。由此可以判断儿童的认知发展处于( )。

具体运算阶段

解析：皮亚杰的认知发展阶段理论中的具体运算阶段(6、7岁～11、12岁)，儿童的认知结构由前运算阶段的表象图式演化为运算图式。具体运算阶段思维的特点：具有守恒性、脱自我中心性和可逆性。皮亚杰认为，该时期儿童的心理操作着眼于抽象概念，属于运算性（逻辑性）的，但思维活动需要具体内容的支持。题目中描述的就是具体运算阶段儿童的思维特点。

[单选题]对于学习困难的学生，优秀教师总是能够耐心的给予反复的辅导，支持他们这样做的关键因素是其()。

敬业精神

解析：《中小学教师职业道德规范》（2008年修订）"爱岗敬业"要求，教师要对工作认真负责，认真上课备课，辅导学生。题干教师耐心反复的指导，体现了爱岗敬业的职业道德，富有敬业精神。故选择D。