正确答案:

题目：阅读下面材料，根据要求作文。 　　博览群书总还是要的，读书人喜欢说"腹有诗书气自华"，但仔细想想，在人身上真正起作用的，一定是真正读懂、读通、读化了的那几部书。 　　要求： 　　用规范的现代汉语写作。自定立意，自拟题目，自选文本。不少于800字。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]新义务教育法规定，实施义务教育，不收( )。

学费、杂费

解析：《中华人民共和国义务教育法》第二条规定，"实施义务教育，不收学费、杂费。"故选择C。

[单选题]关于Word中的查找与替换功能，下列表述正确的是( )。

可以按指定文字的格式进行查找及替换

解析：Word的查找和替换不仅可以对常用的文字内容，还可以对特殊的符号、格式进行查找和替换。故选择D。

[单选题]在教学过程中，采用各种形式使教育系统中各要素，各成分之间形成有机联系的课程形态是( )。

综合课程

解析：综合课程是一种多学科的课程组织模式，它强调学科之间的关联性、统一性和内在联系，其课程的主导价值在于通过相关学科的整合，促进学生认识的整体性发展并把握和解决问题的全面的视野与方法。综合课程主要有三种形式：(1)把有内在联系的学科内容融合在一起而形成的学科，叫做融合课程；(2)合并数门相邻学科的内容形成的综合课程，叫广域课程；(3)以问题为核心，将几门学科结合起来的课程，叫做核心课程。故选择B。A选项，校本课程的课程特点为学校在确保国家课程和地方课程有效实施的前提下，针对学生的兴趣和需要，结合学校的传统和优势及办学理念，充分利用学校和社区的课程资源，自主开发或选用的课程。主导价值在于通过课程展示学校的办学宗旨和特色。B选项，综合课程代表人物是怀特海，其课程特点为学科整合，主张把两门或两门以上学科的内容合并起来组成课程；强调学科之间的关联性与统一性；是基于各门学科内在联系编制而成的课程：是针对学科课程而言的。如自然课（生物、化学、物理、天文）；社会课（历史、地理、经济、政治）。D选项，必修课程的课程特点为培养和发展学生共性，为保证所有学生的基本学力而开设的，所有学生必须修习的课程。

[单选题]下列符合建构主义理论的观点是( )。

学习是学习者主动地建构内部心理表征的过程

解析：建构主义学习理论主张学习不是被动接受知识的过程，学习是学习者主动地建构内部心理表征的过程。行为主义心理学认为分析人类行为的关键是对外部事件的考察，决定人类行为的最重要因紊是环境，人们行动的结果影响着后续的环境。

[单选题]下面说法属于学习负迁移类型的是( )。

总是把英语字母念成汉语拼音

解析：负迁移是指两种学习之间相互干扰、阻碍，即一种学习对另一种学习产生消极影响。把英语字母念成汉语拼音，就是学习内容之间发生了消极干扰，故选择D。A项，正迁移是指一种学习对另一种学习产生积极的促进影响作用。"举一反三、触类旁通"，是知识之间的促进作用，属于正迁移。同化性迁移是指不改变原有的认知结构，直接将原有的认知经验应用到本质特征相同的一类事物中去，以揭示新事物的意义与作用或将新事物纳入原有的经验结构中去。"举一反三、触类旁通"强调将已有的经验，直接应用到同类的事物中，故也属于同化迁移。B选项，一般迁移，也称"非特殊迁移"、"普遍迁移"，是指在一种学习中所习得的一般原理、原则和态度对另一种具体内容学习的影响，即原理、原则和态度的具体应用。"将所学的原理应用于现实问题解决"，解释了一般迁移。C选项，逆向迁移是指后继学习对先前学习的影响。"学了后一种，巩固了前面的学习"，是后面学习，促进了前面的学习内容一一后学习影响先学习的，解释了逆向迁移。

[单选题]学生力克难题后产生自豪感，这种体验是( )。

理智感

解析：理智感是在智力活动中，认识和评价事物时所产生的情感体验。例如，人们在探索未知事物时表现出的兴趣、好奇心和求知欲，科学研究中面临新问题时的惊讶、怀疑、困惑和对真理的确信，问题得以解决并有新的发现时的喜悦感和幸福感，这些都是人们在探索活动和求知过程中产生的理智感。

[单选题]Passage 2 　　According to one account, the hamburgerwas first sold at the Erie County Fair inHamburg, New York, in 1885, by brothersFrank and Charles Menches. The two Ohio brothers had arrived on the grounds of thefair too late to get a supply of chopped porkfor their sandwich concession. The butchersold them beef instead, and after the Buffalo,New York, suburb where they were doing business.Hamburg's claim to be the site ofthe first hamburger is disputed by the townof Seymour, Wisconsin, where a man named Charles Nagreen is claimed to have servedhamburger sandwiches in 1885. 　　Another story about the origins of theubiquitous burger states that in the late 1800'sFletcher Davis, a potter in Athens, Texas,wasn't selling enough pottery. Therefore heopened a lunch counter. His specialty? Aground-beef patty served between slices ofhome-made bread.In 1904 Davis went to theWorld's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, with hisrecipe, which was, of course, a big hit. At theFair the ground beef sandwich was deemedthe hamburger, because in Hamburg, Germany,ground beef patties were popular, though thepatties there are more like meat loaf and lack a bun. (lt is believed that 19th-century Germansailors learned about eating raw shredded beef, “Steak Tartare，” in the Baltic Provinces.A German cook eventually had the idea of cooking the Tartare mixture.) 　　Fletcher Davis is also credited with servingfried potato strips at the World's Fair. A friendin Paris, Texas, had given him the idea, but a reporter thought that Davis said “Paris,France，”and those potatoes are forevermore“French Fries.”Another contender in the“hamburger invention” contest is Louie'sLunch, a Yale off-campus eatery. This NewHaven, Connecticut, site is said to have firstoffered the burger in 1895. 　　The commercial bun on which hamburgers are now served was created by diner operatorWalter Anderson of Wichita, Kansas, who alsoinvented the modern grill (both events around1916) and then established the chain of White Castle hamburger restaurants.Lionel ClarkSternberger, later proprietor of the Rite Spotsteakhouse in Los Angeles, experimentallytossed a slice of cheese on a hamburger hewas cooking at his father's short-order shop inPasadena, California, in 1924, thus originatingthe cheeseburger. 　　The word “cheeseburger” was patented byLouis Ballast in 1944. Ballast grilled a slice of cheese onto burgers at his Denver, Colorado,drive-in. 　　Well, you know the rest-McDonald's, BurgerKing, Wendy's, White Castle, etc.-burgers everywhere. Some good, some so-so. But certainly an all-American favorite. A “classic.”

How did Fletcher Davis make a living beforestarting to sell his“hamburgers”?

He sold pottery products

解析：题意为FletcherDavis在开始卖汉堡包之前是以什么谋生的。根据第三段”Fletcher Davis，a poRein Athens, Texas, wash't selling enough poRery,Therefore he opened a lunch counter. Hisspecialty a ground-beefpatty served betweenslices of home, made bread, In 2904 Davis wentto the Wodd's Fair in st, Louis, Missouri, with hisrecipe, which Was, of course,a big hit. At theFair the ground beef sandwich Was deemed thehamburger”可知，FletcherDavis最初是一个制陶工，因为没有足够的陶瓷卖了，所以他开了一个午餐柜台，卖自制的三明治，即自制的两片面包中间夹上碎牛肉小馅饼。1904年他去密苏里州的圣路易斯参加世界博览会，他的三明治大卖并被称为“汉堡包。即他开午餐柜台卖的就是后来被称为汉堡包“的食物。所以在卖汉堡包之前他以卖陶瓷产品赚钱谋生，故选择D。

[多选题]阅读下面的材料，按要求作文。 　　丹麦队与伊朗队的一场足球赛进行到第45分钟时，场上响起了清晰和响亮的结束哨声。伊朗队后卫队员在球门区内捧起足球，准备交给裁判，裁判却立刻判他手球犯规，并示意丹麦队罚点球。原来，此前的哨音是球迷造假的“杰作”。 　　伊朗队员追着裁判理论，企图说服裁判改变初衷。丹麦队主教练奥尔森悄悄把队长韦格斯特招到场边，告诉他这个点球的来龙去脉和怎样处理这个球。韦格斯特重新回到罚球点，飞起一脚，将球故意踢飞，全场顿时一片哑然，继而爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。在掌声中，裁判吹响了上半场结束的哨音。 　　综合上述材料所引发的联想和感悟，写一篇论说文。 　　要求： 　　用规范的现代汉语写作;角度自选，立意自定，标题自拟;不少于1000字。

[单选题]21.请阅读Passage 1,完成第1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　There are two kinds of motive for engaging in any activity:internal and instrumental.If ascientist conducts research because she wants to discover important facts about the world,that'san internal motive,since discovering facts is inherently related to the activity of research.If sheconducts research because she wants to achieve scholarly renown,that's an instrumental motive,since the relation between fame and research is not so inherent.Often,people have both for doingthings. 　　What mix of motives-internal or instrumental or both-is most conducive to success? Youmight suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieverenown will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires.Surely twomotives are better than one.But as we and our colleagues argue in a paper newly published in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,instrumental motives are not always an asset andcan actually be counterproductive to success. 　　We analyzed data drawn from 11,320 cadetsin nine entering classes at the United StatesMilitary Academy at West Point,all of whom rated how much each of a set of motives influencedtheir decision to attend the academy.The motives included things like a desire to get a good job laterin life and a desire to be trained as a leader in the United States Army. 　　How did the cadets fare,years later? How did their progress relate to their original motives forattending West Point? 　　We found,unsurprisingly,that the stronger their internal reasons were to attend West Point,themore likely cadets were to graduate and become commissioned officers.Also unsurprisingly,cadetswith internal motives did better in the military (as evidenced by early promotion recommendations)than did those without internal motives and were also more likely to stay in the military after theirfive years ofmandatory service. 　　Remarkably,cadets with strong internal and strong instrumental motives for attending WestPoint performed worse on every measure than did those with strong internal motives but weakinstrumental ones.They were less likely to graduate,less outstanding as military officers and lesscommitted to staying in the military. 　　Our study suggests that efforts should be made to structure activities so that instrumental consequences do not become motives.Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of theirwork,rather than on,say,the financial returns it will bring,may be the best way to improve not onlythe quality oftheir work but also their financial success. 　　There is a temptation among educators and instructors to use whatever motivational tools areavailable to recruit participants or improve performance.If the desire for military excellence andservice to country fails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs,then perhaps appeals to “moneyfor college,”“career training”or“seeing the world”will do the job.While this strategy may luremore recruits,it may also yield worse soldiers.Similarly,for students uninterested in learning,financial incentives for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may prompt them toparticipate,but it may result in less well-educated students.

Which ofthe following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “cadets” in Paragraph 3?

Military trainees.

解析：词汇题。根据题干关键词“cadets”定位到原文第三段中的“We analyzed data drawnfrom 11.320 cadets in nine entering classes at the United States Military Academy at West Point...”由此可知cadets指美国军事学院西点军校的学员。A项“在职军人”，B项“军事研究员”，C项“军官”，D项“军校学员”。故本题选D。