正确答案: A

强迫观念

题目：刚进入高一，赵峰就总想“我考不上大学该怎么办”。他明知离高考还远着呢，这么早想这个事根本没必要，但就是控制不住，以至于影响了正常学习，他的主要心理问题是（ ）。

解析：强迫观念指当事人身不由己地思考他不想考虑的事情，本题中，高一的赵峰明知离高考还很远，这么早想考大学这事根本没必要，但就是控制不住就是强迫观念的体现。故本题选A。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]Which of the following is true of the English sound system?

Voicing is distinctive phonetic feature

解析：雅格布逊在20世纪40年代首先提出区别特征(distinctive feature)这一想法，目的是找出一套音系的对照或对比特征，以概括语音的某些方面。比较重要的区别特征有：【辅音】【响音】【鼻音】【带声】等。【辅音】特征可以区分辅音和元音，即所有辅音都是【+辅音】，所有元音都是【一辅音】。【响音】特征用来区分所谓阻塞音（塞音、擦音及塞擦音）和响音（其他辅音和元音），即阻塞音是【一响音】，响音是【+响音】。【鼻音】和【带声】自然就是用来分别区分鼻音和带声音的特征。这些特征都是二分特征可以区分出两种情况：有该特征的和没有该特征的。综上，B选项正确。A选项，表述错误，迭气并非区别性特征。C选项，表述错误，元音的鼻音化不会产生另一个元音只是产生同化现象。D选项，表述错误，元音的长短只能区分单元音，并不能区分双元音。故选择B。

[单选题]班级授课制这种教学组织形式是( )最早提出来的。

夸美纽斯

解析：夸美纽斯最先提出班级授课制。故选择C。夸美纽斯的主要考点：夸美纽斯是教育学之父，作品《大教学论》。提出教育要遵循人的自然发展的原则；提出"泛智教育"；规定了百科全书式的课程；首次提出并论证了直观性、系统性、量力性、巩固性和自觉性等一系列教学方法。A项，乌申斯基的其它考点：主要观点指出："如果教育家希望从一切方面去教育人，那么就必须首先也从一切方面去了解人"（教师要了解学生身心发展规律）；"一般来说，儿童是依靠形式、颜色、声音和感觉来进行思维的"（体现直观性教学原则）。历史地位一一俄罗斯教育心理学奠基人。B项，赫尔巴特，被誉为科学教育学之父、传统教育代表人，他的代表作《普通教育学》，使教育学科学化、规范化，标志着独立学科体系的教育学正式形成。赫尔巴特的主要观点：赫尔巴特在西方教育史上第一次明确提出"教育性教学"的思想。他明确指出，"不存在'无教学的教育'这个概念，正如反过来，我不承认有任何'无教育的教学'：提出三中心论一一教师中心、教材中心、课堂中心一一杜威与赫尔巴特相反；将伦理学和心理学作为教育学的理论基础；提出"四阶段教学"理论一一清楚、联想、系统和方法；教育目的一一社会本位论，培养良好社会公民。D项，斯宾塞英国教育家，首次把课程作为学科专门术语。作品《教育论》。主要考点：提出科学知识最有价值，第一次明确提出德育、智育、体育的概念；教育目的一一教育准备生活说一一教育为未来生活做准备。

[单选题]提出了学习的认知一一目的学说，认为学习不是简单地在刺激和反应间建立直接的联结，而是存在一种中介变量的心理学家是( )。

托尔曼

解析：托尔曼运用认知主义术语，提出了学习的认知一一目的学说，认为学习不是简单地在刺激和反应间建立直接的联结，而是存在一种中介变量。故选C。

[多选题]随着学校的发展，班级成为学校教育的基本单位，并对学生的发展产生了越来越大的作用。( )

解析：班级是学校教育和管理的基本单位，一个良好的班集体对学生的健康发展有着巨大的教育作用。

[单选题]某老师说"我喜欢张华同学发言前先举手""刘文丽同学作业完成得很认真"等，体现了课堂强化的( )。

局部强化

解析：局部强化是指只强化我们认可的那部分行为以及相应的欲望，激励学生继续完全实现理想的行为和欲望。

[单选题]Passage 1 In the field of psychology, there's long been a certain haziness surrounding the definition of creativity, an I-know-it-when-I-see it attitude that has eluded a precise formulation. During our conversation, Beeman told me that he used to be reluctant to tell people what his area of study was, for fear of being dismissed or misunderstood. What, for instance, crosses your mind when you think of creativity?Well, we know that someone is creative if he produces new things or has new ideas. A choreographer, an artist, a writer, a scientist, or a mathematician with a novel discovery -these are the creatives, the people who bring something new into the world. And yet, as John Kounios, a psychologist at Drexel University who collaborates frequently with Beeman, points out, that view is wrong, or at least not entirely right. "Creativity is the process, not the product:' he says. To illustrate, Beeman offers an example. Imagine someone who has never used or seen a paperclip and is struggling to keep a bunch of papers together. Then the person comes up with a new way of bending a stiff wire to hold the papers in place. "That was very creative:' Beeman says. On the flip side, if someone works in a new field-Beeman gives the example of nanotechnology-anything that he produces may be considered inherently "creative." But was the act of producing it actually creative? As Beeman puts it, "Not all artists are creative. And some accountants are very creative." Insight, however, has proved less difficult to define and to study. Because it arrives at a specific moment in time, you can isolate it,examine it, and analyze its characteristics."Insight is only one part of creativity:'Beeman says. "But we can measure it. We have a temporal marker that something just happened in the brain. l'd never say that's all of creativity, but it's a central, identifiable component." When scientists examine insight in the lab, they are looking at what types of attention and thought processes lead to that moment of synthesis. If you are trying to facilitate a breakthrough, are there methods you can use that help? If you feel stuck on a problem, are there tricks to get you through? In a recent study, Beeman and Kounios followed people's gazes as they attempted to solve what's called the remote-associates test, in which the subject is given a series of words, like "pine:' "crab:' and "sauce:' and has to think of a single word that can logically be paired with all of them. They wanted to see if the direction of a person's eyes and her rate of blinking could shed light on her approach and on her likelihood of success. It turned out that if the subject looked directly at a word and focussed on it-that is, blinked less frequently, signalling a higher degree of close attention-she was more likely to be thinking in an analytical, convergent fashion, going through possibilities that made sense and systematically discarding those that didn't. If she looked at "pine:' say, she might be thinking of words like "tree:' "cone:' and "needle:' then testing each option to see if it fit with the other words. When the subject stopped looking at any specific word, either by moving her eyes or by blinking, she was more likely to think of broader, more abstract associations. That is a more insight-oriented approach. "You need to learn not just to stare but to look outside your focus:' Beeman says.(The solution to this remote-associates test."apple.") As it turns out, by simply following someone's eyes and measuring her blinks and fixation times (how long she looks at something before either looking away or closing her eyes), Beeman's group can predict how someone will likely solve a problem and when she is nearing that solution. That's an important consideration for would-be creative minds. it helps us understand how distinct patterns of attention may contribute to certain kinds of insights.

In PARAGRAPH FOUR, which of the following shows the purpose of describing the experiment?

To discern connection between close attention and insights

解析：根据第三段”When scientists examine insight in the lab, they are looking at what types of attention and thought processes lead to that moment of synthesis"，当科学家们在实验室检测洞察力时，他们所观察的是何种类型的注意力和思维过程可以带来顿悟.即实验目的是通过对比实验中两种人的观察和思维方式。反映的是注意力与洞察力之间的相互作用。故选择B。

[单选题] On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more than they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet. Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log half that time. All in all, however, children's leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%. "Children are affected by the same time crunch (危机) that affects their parents," says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children's timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home.(Nevertheless, children in both double-income and "male breadwinner" households spent comparable mounts of time interacting with their parents,19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.) All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids."Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself," says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School. Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it. The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing "free time" watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If they're spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids aren't replacing it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Let's face it, who's got the time?

Nowadays, the troublesome problem is that American kids

are engaged in lots of structured activities

解析：1.推断题。文中第三段提到“Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself”即玩耍是儿童探索世界和了解自己最有效的方式，D选项符合题意，故选D。 2.细节题。文中第一段提到，现在的孩子每周待在学校的时间比1981年多8个小时，而且参加更多如足球、芭蕾舞等活动，尤其在体育运动上花费的时间也增多了；分别对应选项中的A、B、D。最后一句提到“children's leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to25%”，即孩子放松、玩耍的时间变少了。所以C选项不是现在孩子面临的情况，故选C。 3.细节题。文中第二段第二句提到“A chief reason，she says，is that more mothers are working outside the home.”主要原因是更多的妈妈们在外面工作，故选A。 4.细节题。文中第三段最后一句话提到“Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it．”即无组织的玩耍可以鼓励孩子的独立思考，但是3到12岁的孩子每周只有12个小时的时间做这些。所以D选项做更多有组织的活动，是现在孩子的一个很麻烦的问题。 5.细节题。文中最后一段提到，即使他们在电视上花费的时间更少的话，“Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books，the children spent just over an hour a week reading.”即每个孩子每周在阅读上花费的时间也只是一个多小时，故选项D正确。

[单选题]_______ advance seems to be following advance on almost a monthly basis.

So rapid is the rate of progress that

解析：倒装在so... that...结构中，SO及其所修饰的部分位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。该句的正常语序为“The rate of progress is so rapid that advance seems to be following advance on almost a monthly basis.”句意为“进展速度如此之快，看起来几乎是以月为单位向前推进”。故选择A。考点延伸：as在引导让步状语从句时，将表语、状语或动词原形等提到as前面，构成倒装。B选项，as为“尽管”的意思。C选项，句型应为“so...that”。D选项，as为“尽管”的意思。

[多选题]简述想象的功能。