正确答案: B

mind mapping

题目：Teachers could encourage students to use________to gather and organize their ideas for wrtmg.

解析：本题考查写作教学。教师让学生收集的自己的想法，并将它们连贯、有逻辑性地组织起来，这属于绘制思维导图（mind mapping）的过程。而头脑风暴(brainstorming)是指在给定主题之后，学生思考并收集与主题相关的想法这一过程，但不包括将它们进行组织这一步骤。故本题选B。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]"见者易，学者难"这句话强调的是( )。

练习，示范

解析：这是出自《增广贤文》中的古训。大意就是：看着容易，学起来就难了。不要以为容易得到，就把它视为等闲之物。影响动作技能学习的因素有三个，有效的指导与示范，练习和反馈。故选择B。

[单选题]教师职业的很大挑战来自于不断变化的学生，没有一成不变的学生，自然也没有处处皆可适用的经验，因此，教师不能年复一年地套用固定的教育教学模式，而必须( )。

以研究者的眼光对待教育教学

解析：新课程改革背景下的教师观强调，教师要从"教书匠"转变为教育教学的研究者和反思的实践者。教师要对出现的教学问题进行研究，总结经验，并形成规律性的认识。故选择A项。

[单选题]刘明是七年级新生，小学时品学兼优，但升人初中后，成绩明显下降，开始逃课、抽烟、沉迷网吧。冯老师知道这些情况后，从多方面了解刘明转变的原因，并和他的家长保持密切沟通，一起为刘明的健康成长做出努力。冯老师的做法主要体现的德育原则是( )。

教育影响一致性与连贯性原则

解析：暂无

[单选题]学校教育中通常采用评三好生、优秀学生干部的方式或用学习反馈，以物质或精神奖励的方式引起学生的学习动机，这主要是激发学生的( )。

自我提高的内驱力

解析：自我提高的内驱力是一种通过自身努力，胜任一定的工作，取得一定的成就，从而赢得一定的社会地位的需要。评三好学生、优秀班干部等，正是为了激发学生的自我提高内驱力。

[单选题]学习效率与动机水平之间存在( )。

倒U型关系

解析：学习动机强度与学习效率并不完全成正比，学习动机存在一个动机最佳水平，即在一定范围内，学习效率随学习动机强度增大而提高，直至达到学习动机最佳强度而获最佳，之后则随学习动机强度的进一步增大而下降，简称倒"U"型。

[单选题] On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more than they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet. Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log half that time. All in all, however, children's leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%. "Children are affected by the same time crunch (危机) that affects their parents," says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children's timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home.(Nevertheless, children in both double-income and "male breadwinner" households spent comparable mounts of time interacting with their parents,19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.) All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids."Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself," says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School. Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it. The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing "free time" watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If they're spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids aren't replacing it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Let's face it, who's got the time?

Which is NOT the situation American kids face today?

Having more time playing.

解析：1.推断题。文中第三段提到“Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself”即玩耍是儿童探索世界和了解自己最有效的方式，D选项符合题意，故选D。 2.细节题。文中第一段提到，现在的孩子每周待在学校的时间比1981年多8个小时，而且参加更多如足球、芭蕾舞等活动，尤其在体育运动上花费的时间也增多了；分别对应选项中的A、B、D。最后一句提到“children's leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to25%”，即孩子放松、玩耍的时间变少了。所以C选项不是现在孩子面临的情况，故选C。 3.细节题。文中第二段第二句提到“A chief reason，she says，is that more mothers are working outside the home.”主要原因是更多的妈妈们在外面工作，故选A。 4.细节题。文中第三段最后一句话提到“Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it．”即无组织的玩耍可以鼓励孩子的独立思考，但是3到12岁的孩子每周只有12个小时的时间做这些。所以D选项做更多有组织的活动，是现在孩子的一个很麻烦的问题。 5.细节题。文中最后一段提到，即使他们在电视上花费的时间更少的话，“Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books，the children spent just over an hour a week reading.”即每个孩子每周在阅读上花费的时间也只是一个多小时，故选项D正确。

[单选题] The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination. Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity. There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend.It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients, colleagues, insurers, and government. The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin.There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school.For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm.There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant; there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place. Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society.The selection process of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviour-if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance.Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity.Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress. The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential.It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of' integrity.Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one.The development of a school′s culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing.Moreover, the school′s examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair.Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent.

The author will probably agree with which of the following statements?

Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.

解析：1.根据文章第一段第二句"…we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon，its prevention，or its effective management…"可知，到目前为止，我们还不是很了解医学院作弊现象的严重程度，也不甚明了该如何对此类现象进行预防和管理。既然目前所掌握的数据是不充足的，那么选项A、B、C所说的都不符合文章的原意，故均为错误选项。故选D。 2.作者在第二段说，人们一致认为，医学的基础就是诚信。在医学院作弊的学生通常比其他人更容易做出欺骗病人、同事和政府的事情。因此，医学以诚信为本的性质就决定了对医学院的作弊行为应该坚决打击。B项说的是打击作弊行为的结果，而不是原因。C项"医学依靠政府"，D项"医学院中作弊行为普遍存在"，都不符合文章内容。 3.作者在讨论作弊现象的根源时，结论是，作弊现象存在的原因是多方面的。学生在上医学院之前受到的家庭、社会和文化的熏陶在很大程度上决定他们是否会在考试中作弊。也就是选项A的内容。选项B、C、D的说法虽然都有道理，但是都过于绝对。学校的环境、家长的教育、电视的影响，虽然都起到一定作用，但是都不能说是决定性的。 4.A项"医学院应该确立明确的道德标准，淘汰道德素质低下的申请者"是错误选项。因为文章谈到如何甄别申请医学院学生的道德素质的时候，作者用的是虚拟语气"if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance"，即如果能有可靠的标准，能预先了解学生的道德水平，医学院在录取的时候应该照顾那些恪守道德准则的学生。可见目前并没有这样的标准可循。B项和文章的内容相反，因为文章明确地说"Medical schools…cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society."D项不正确，因为文章的本意是，医学院的学生在学期间，道德素质不仅不会提高，而且可能下降。但是作者并没有说，医学院在提高学生素质方面无计可施，而是敦促学校采取相应措施，增强未来医师们的道德感，故选C。 5.C项和文章最后一段的"The development of a school′s culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing"相呼应。A项不正确，因为作者没有建议医学院应该降低考试难度。B项的叙述不准确，因为作者的本意是医学界的杰出人物应该树立楷模，而不是让他们设定一套人人遵循的行规。D项不正确，作者仅提议医学院对违反道德准则学生的处罚应该是坚决、公正、透明和统一的。作者并没有明确倡议一旦有作弊行为就将其开除出校。

[单选题]通过集体讨论，使思维相互撞击，迸出火花，达到集思广益的效果的思维训练方法称为( )。

头脑风暴法

解析：集体讨论又称头脑风暴法或脑激励法。是由奥斯本于1939年提出来的一种培养创造力的方法。其目的是以集思广益的形式，在一定时间内采用极迅速的联想方法，大量产生各种主意。故选择B。A选项，讨论法是学生在教师指导下为解决某个问题进行探讨、辩论，从而获取知识的一种方法。讨论法有利于学生集思广益，互相启发，加深理解，但是运用讨论法需要学生具备一定的基础，一定的理解力，因此在高年级运用较多。C选项，启发法是人根据一定的经验，在问题空间内进行较少的搜索，以达到问题解决的一种方法。D选项，用途扩散即让学生以某件物品的用途为扩散点，尽可能多地设想它的用途。

[单选题]一个国家或地区各级各类学校机构与组织的体系及其管理规则是指( )。

学校教育制度

解析：广义的教育制度指国民教育制度，是一个国家为实现其国民目的，从组织系统上建立起来的一切教育设施和有关规章制度。狭义的教育制度指学校教育制度，简称学制，是一个国家各级各类学校的总体系，具体规定各级各类学校的性质、任务、目的、入学条件、修业年限以及它们之间相互衔接关系。学校教育制度处于国民教育制度的核心和主体地位，体现了一个国家国民教育制度的实质。