正确答案: C

Differentiated levels of competence specified for students with different abilities.

题目：21.请阅读Passage 1，完成第1～5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　In recent years,however,society has come to understand the limitations of schools that merelysort and rank students.We have discovered that students in the bottom one-third to one-half of therank order-plus all who drop out before being ranked-fail to develop the foundational reading,writing,and mathematical proficiencies needed to survive in,let alone contribute to,an increasingly technically complex and ethnically diverse culture.So today,in asking schools to leave no childbehind,society is asking that educators raise up the bottom of the rank-order distribution to aspecified level of competence.We call those expectations our“academic achievement standards”.Every state has them,and,as a matter of public policy,schools are to be held accountable formaking sure that all students meet them. 　　To be clear,the mission of sorting has not been eliminated from the schooling process.Forthe foreseeable future,students will still be ranked at the end of high school.However,society nowdictates that such a celebration of differences in amount learned must start at a certain minimumlevel of achievement for all. 　　The implications of this change in mission for the role of assessment are profound.Assessmentand grading procedures designed to permit only a few students to succeed (those at the top of therank-order distribution) must now be revised to permit the possibility that all students could succeedat some appropriate level.Furthermore,procedures that pennitted (perhaps even encouraged) somestudents to give up in hopelessness and to stop trying must now be replaced by others that promotehope and continuous effort.In short,the entire emotional environment surrounding the prospect ofbeing evaluated must change,especially for perennial low achievers. 　　The students' mission is no longer merely to beat other students in the achievement race,At least part of their goal must be to become competent.teachers must believe that all studentscan achieve a certain level of academic success,must bring all of their students to believe thISOf themselves,must “accommodate” the fact that students learn at different rates by making use of differentiated instruction,and must guide all students toward the attainment of standards. 　　The driving dynamic force for students cannot merely be competition for an artificialscarcity of success.Because all students can and must succeed in meeting standards,cooperationand collaboration must come into play.The driving forces must be confidence,optimism,andpersistence-for all,not just for some.All students must come to believe that they can succeedat learning if they try.They must have continuous access to evidence of what they believe to be credible academic success,however small.This new understanding has spawned increased interestin formative assessment in recent years.

解析：细节题。根据关键词所在句子“We call those expectations our‘academic achievementstandards’.”可知其对应的就是“those expectations”所指的内容。根据前面一句话“...societyis asking that educators raise up the bottom ofthe rank-order distribution to a specified level of competence.”可确定答案为C。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]美国心理学家桑代克通过饿猫打开迷笼的实验，提出了学习的( )。

联结一试误说

解析：桑代克通过饿猫开迷笼的实验，认为学习是刺激反应之间的联结，是不断尝试错误的过程.因此提出了联结一试误说。

[单选题]如果一个孩子在听了"海因茨偷药"的故事后，认为"海因茨应该去偷药，谁让那个药剂师那么坏，便宜一点不就好了吗"，这个孩子所处的道德发展阶段是( )。

前习俗水平

解析：前习俗水平大约出现在幼儿园及小学中低年级，该阶段的特征是：个体着眼于人物行为的具体结果及其与自身的利害关系，认为道德的价值不决定于人及准则，而是决定于外在的要求。该孩子认为药剂师的恶劣导致海因兹去偷药，属于道德发展的前习俗水平。

[单选题]"水涨船高"、"瘸子里面选将军"是( )。

相对评价

解析：相对性评价又称为常模参照性评价，是运用常模参照性测验对学生的学习成绩进行的评价。它主要依据学生个人的学习成绩在该班学生成绩序列或常模中所处的位置来评价和决定他的成绩的优劣，而不考虑他是否达到教学目标的要求。"水涨船高"是依照水的涨幅确定船的高度，是一个相对的；"瘸子里面选将军"同样也是在一个特定的群体中来判断，这就是相对评价的模式。故选择C。A项，绝对性评价又称为目标参照性评价，是运用目标参照性测验对学生的学习成绩进行的评价。它主要依据教学目标和教材编制试题来测量学生的学业成绩，判断学生是否达到了教学目标的要求，而不以评定学生之间的差异为目的。B项，定性评价是凭借评价者的洞察、内省或移情对评价对象做出价值判断的评价方法，比如：评出等级、写出评语等。D项，定量评价是采用数学的方法，收集和处理数据资料，对评价对象做出定量结果的价值判断，如：运用教育测量与统计的方法，模糊数学的方法等，对评价对象的特性用数值进行描述和判断。

[多选题]根据心理学常识，下列说法错误的是( )。

只要不断地练习，成绩就会成直线式稳定上升

考试中想考好就能考好，这是因为动机和效果是一致的

在睡觉前背诵英语单词效果更好，是由于没有受到影响

学骑自行车，只要单纯地反复操作和机械重复即可，投有技巧可言

解析：选项A中成绩的好坏并不完全取决于练习的频率，还取决于学生自身、教师以及其他社会因素。选项B中动机和效果在许多情况下并不一致，在任务难度较大时，低水平动机更有利于提高学习效果。选项C中错误在于不是没有受到影响，而是由于近因效应。近因效应是指当人们识记一系列事物时对末尾部分项目的记忆效果优于中间部分项目的现象。选项D错误，学会骑自行车需要操作技能的掌握。故本题选A,B，C，D。

[单选题]学生学业成就评价中用得最多的评价工具是( )。

测验

解析：暂无

[多选题]被誉为世界上最早的教育专著是《学记》。( )

解析：《学记》是我国也是世界上最早的教育专著。

[单选题]学校教育经费的主要来源是( )。

国家财政拨款

解析：教育投入是支撑国家长远发展的基础性、战略性投资，是教育事业的物质基础，是公共财政的重要职能。要健全以政府投入为主、多渠道筹集教育经费的体制，大幅度增加教育投入。故选择D。

[单选题]社会学习理论是由( )提出来的。

班杜拉

解析：班杜拉提出了社会学习理论。

[单选题]( )是一种有利于经济有效地、大面积地培养人才的教学组织形式。

班级授课制

解析：班级授课制是一种集体教学组织形式。班级授课制的优点：①有利于经济有效地、大面积地培养人才；②有利于发挥教师的主导作用；③有利于发挥班集体的教学作用。缺点：①主要表现在强调系统的书本知识的学习，容易产生理论与实际脱节；②强调教学过程的标准、同步、统一，难以完全适应学生的个别差异，不利于因材施教。