正确答案: D

excessive

题目：Smoking heavily at home will expose children to______ amount of smoke,endangering their health.

解析：本题考查形容词辨析。multiple"多重的，多样的"，surplus"多余的，过剩的"，du-rable"（东西）耐用的，持久的"，excessive"过多的，极度的，过分的"。句意为"经常在家里吸烟会使孩子接触大量的烟雾，这会危害他们的健康"。excessive amount of smoke指"过多的烟雾，大量的烟雾"。故本题选D。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]儿童在熟悉了"白菜""菠菜""韭菜"等概念之后，再学习"蔬菜"这一概念，属于( )。

上位学习

解析：上位学习也称总括学习，是指在认知结构中原有的几个观念的基础上学习一个包容性程度更高的命题，即原有的观念是从属观念，而新学习的观念是总括性观念。

[单选题]在中国浩瀚的史学著作中，有两本史书如同突兀的双峰，并峙于历史峻岭之中，被誉为"史学双壁"，它们分别是( )。

《史记》《资治通鉴》

解析："史学双壁"分别指的是司马迁-《史记》"史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚"；司马光-《资治通鉴》"以史为鉴，议古论今，天下之兴亡鉴于历"。故选择B。

[单选题]为了解决名词与术语脱离事物、抽象概念脱离具体形象、理解脱离感知等矛盾，教师在教学时应该注意贯彻( )。

直观性原则

解析：直观性原则，是指在教学中要通过学生观察所学事物或教师语言的形象描述，引导学生形成所学事物、过程的清晰表象，丰富他们的感性知识，从而使他们能够正确理解书本知识和发展认识能力。教师在教学时必须注意贯彻直观性原则，以解决名词、术语脱离事物，抽象概念脱离具体形象，理解脱离感知等矛盾，因此，答案选A。

[单选题]小强今年13岁，在暑假时不慎摔伤，致使腿部残疾，但仍具有接受普通教育的能力。当小强准备入学时，当地普通学校以小强的腿有残疾为由，拒绝其人校学习。学校的做法( )。

不合法，违反了《中华人民共和国义务教育法》

解析：《中华人民共和国义务教育法》第十九条规定，"普通学校应当接收具有接受普通教育能力的残疾适龄儿童、少年随班就读，并为其学习、康复提供帮助"。

[多选题]焦虑不利于学生的学习。

[单选题] Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually tums out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and utters vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a teddy-bear with the sound pattern "teddy-bear". And even more incredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of'sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.

The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely that ________.

their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak

解析：1.细节题。短文第一段中指出“…to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue”由此可知Frederick实验的目的是：假设孩子在听不见母语的情况下，会说什么语言。 2.细节题。根据短文第二段第三句“Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant…”可知孩子说话较晚是由于母亲对婴儿所发出的语言暗示和信号无动于衷，没有充分的注意和重视。故选项C正确。 3.细节题。根据第四段最后一句“And even more mcredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.”可知不可思议的是孩子可以重新组合句子的单词，说出自己的句子。故选项C正确。 4.细节题。根据短文最后一段第一句“But speech has to be induced…”可知言语需要诱发，即需要鼓励孩子说话，故D项表述不符合文意。所以选D。 5.细节题。短文第三段指出“…but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually tums out to be of high IQ”即也存在这种状况：孩子开始说话晚但智商很高。故选项D正确。