正确答案: D

Dropped sharply.

题目：请阅读Passage 1，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　Today's adults grew up in schools designed to sort us into the various segments of our social and economic system.The amount of time available to learn was fixed: one year per grade.The amount learned by the end of that time was free to vary: some ofus leamed a great deal; some,very little.As we advanced through the grades,those who had learned a great deal in previous grades continued to build on those foundations.Those who had failed to master the early prerequisites within the allotted time failed to learn that which followed.After 12 or 13 years of cumulative treatment of this kinD.we were,in effect,spread along an achievement continuum that was ultimately reflected in each student's rank in class upon graduation. 　　From the very earliest grades,some students learned a great deal very quickly and consistently scored high on assessments.The emotional effect of this was to help them to see themselves as capable learners,and so these students became increasingly confident in school.That confidence gave them the inner emotional strength to take the risk of striving for more success because they believed that success was within their reach.Driven forward by this optimism,these students continued to try harD.and that effort continued to result in success for them.They became the academic and emotional winners.Notice that the trigger for their emotional strength and their learning success was their perception of their success on formal and informal assessments. 　　But there were other students who didn't fare so well.They scored very low on tests,beginning in the earliest grades.The emotional effect was to cause them to question their own capabilities as learners.They began to lose confidence,which,in turn,deprived them of the emotional reserves needed to continue to take risks.As their motivation warneD.of course,their performance <u>plummeted</u>.These students embarked on what they believed to be an irreversible slide toward inevitable failure and lost hope.Once again,the emotional trigger for their decision not to try was their perception of their performance on assessments. 　　Consider the reality-indeed.the paradox-of the schools in which we were reared.If some students worked hard and learned a lot,that was a positive result,and they would finish high in the rank order.But if some students gave up in hopeless failure,that was an acceptable result,too, because they would occupy places very low in the rank order.Their achievement results fed into the implicit mission of schools: the greater the spread of achievement among students,the more it reinforced the rank order.This is why,if some students gave up and stopped trying (even dropped out of school),that was regarded as the student's problem,not the teacher's or the school's. 　　Once again,please notice who is using test results to decide whether to strive for excellence or give up in hopelessness.The "data-based decision makers" in this process are students themselves.Students are deciding whether success is within or beyond reach,whether the learning is worth the required effort,and so whether to try or not.The critical emotions underpinning the decision making process include anxiety,fear of failure,uncertainty,and unwillingness to take risks-all triggered by students' perceptions of their own capabilities as reflected in assessment results. 　　Some students responded to the demands of such environments by working hard and learning a great deal.Others controlled their anxiety by giving up and not caring.The result for them is exactly the opposite of the one society wants.Instead of leaving no child behinD.these practices,in effect,drove down the achievement of at least as many students as they successfully elevated.And the evidence suggests that the downside victims are more frequently members of particular socioeconomic and ethnic minorities.

解析：词汇题。根据画线词定位到第三段。前面说学生考试分数不高，其情感会受到消极的影响，这会导致他们质疑自己的学习能力，失去信心，不想继续尝试。随着这样的想法不断加深，他们的表现也不可逆转地急剧下降。由此可以推断出plummeted与dropped sharply“急剧下降”意思相近。故本题选D。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]教育的心理起源说否认了教育的( )。

社会性

解析：教育的心理起源说将教育有目的、有意识的活动混同于无意识的模仿，导致了教育的生物学化，也否认了教育的社会性，无疑是不科学的。

[单选题]通过平行四边形的判断训练，学生对长方形面积的判断的成绩提高，而对三角形、圆形、不规则图形的判断的成绩没有提高。可用于解释这种现象的迁移理论是( )。

共同要素说

解析：共同要素说认为，只有当学习情境和迁移测验情境存在共同成分，一种学习才能影响另一种学习，即才会产生学习的迁移，两个完全不相似的刺激反应联结之间，不可能产生迁移，这会使人对迁移产生悲观态度。

[单选题]后进生通常指那些学习积极性不高，学习成绩暂时落后，不太守纪律的学生。他们的心理特征一般不包括( )。

没有集体荣誉感

解析：后进生的心理特点：①不适度的自尊心；②学习动机不强；⑧意志力薄弱。

[单选题]某学生学会了学习D检验之后，也能够在F检验中采用D的检验步骤进行解题，这是学习过程中(1)正迁移(2)水平迁移(3)顺向迁移(4)自迁移

(1)(2)(3)

解析：正迁移是指一种学习对另一种学习产生积极的促进影响作用。"举一反三、触类旁通"，是知识之间的促进作用，属于正迁移。水平迁移是指处于同一抽象和概括水平的经验之间的相互影响。也就是指在难度、复杂程度和概括层次上处于同一水平的先行学习内容与后继学习内容、学习活动之间产生的影响。也叫横向迁移。顺向迁移是指先前学习对后继学习产生的影响。故选择D。

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Come on-Everybody's doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the CluB.Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. 　　Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina.a state-sponsored antismoking program called rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South AfricA.an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. 　　The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology."Dare to be different,please don't smoke! " pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure. 　　But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long.rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. 　　There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. 　　Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world.as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.

Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation ofbehaviors__________.

occurs without our realizing it

解析：细节题。文章第五段最后一句提到“我们会无意识地模仿日常所见到的行为”。C项中的“(imitation of behaviors) occurs without our realizing it，’是对“we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see”的改写，因此C项“发生于我们没有意识到的时候”正确。A项“对我们的朋友圈有害”属于过度引申。B项“会误导行为科学研究”原文未提及。D项“会产生不良的健康习惯”属于以偏概全。

[单选题]当学完一系列单词后马上加以测验，对结尾几个词的记忆效果一般比中间的词好得多，这种现象是( )。

近因效应

解析：近因效应是指当人们识记一系列事物时对末尾部分项目的记忆效果优于中间部分项目的现象。