正确答案: B

Empathy.

题目：Having lived in China for a long time,John could fully understand the cultural shocks experienced by his Chinese students.Which of the following traits does John have in this instance?

解析：本题考查跨文化交际。题干：在中国居住很长时间后，约翰完全能理解他的中国学生经历的文化冲击。在这个事例中约翰有以下哪一种特质？A项“规避”，B项“共情，共鸣”，C项“外向型”，D项“内向型”。共情又称同理心、同感等，它是指教师要借助知识、经验、技巧和学生的言行，深入学生内心去体验他的情感、思维，去真正地理解学生。约翰在中国居住很长时间之后，能完全理解中国学生经历的文化冲击，体现出约翰对中国学生产生了共情。故本题选B。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Come on-Everybody's doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the CluB.Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. 　　Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina.a state-sponsored antismoking program called rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South AfricA.an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. 　　The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology."Dare to be different,please don't smoke! " pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure. 　　But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long.rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. 　　There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. 　　Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world.as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.

The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect ofpeer pressure is________.

questionable

解析：态度题。文章最后一段第一句话指出，专家和政府官员能在多大程度上选择我们的同侪群体并能引导其行为走上正确的道德方向是难以确定的（far less certain），接下来以教师让捣蛋鬼们换座和好学生坐在一起为例子说明“这个策略从来没有真正起作用”。从这里我们可以看出，作者对于同侪压力是否能产生效果其实是持怀疑态度的，故本题选D项“可疑的”。A项“有害的”，B项“有利的”，C项“深刻的”均不正确。

[单选题]巴甫洛夫提出了操作性条件反射的原理。( )A.正确B.错误

解析：斯金纳提出了操作性条件反射的原理。

[单选题]在教学测验的实施中，衡量一个测验工具能否测量出所要测量事物真实程度的指标是( )。

效度

解析：效度是指测量的正确性，即一个测验能够测量出其所要测量的东西的程度。如用历史试卷，测量学生语文水平，测量结果并非学生语文水平，效度低。故选择B。A选项，信度是指测验结果的稳定性或可靠性，即某一测验在多次施测后所得到的分数的稳定、一致程度。如一份测验，周一和周五分别给同一批学生测试，两次成绩相当，说明信度较高。C选项，难度是指测验包含的试题难易程度。试题过难或过易都不能准确测出学生的真实成绩，一张卷总的来说，它的试题既要有较难的题，又要有较易的题，做到难易适中。D选项，区分度是指测验对考生的不同水平能够区分的程度，即具有区分不同水平考生的能力。"高水平学生得到了高分，低水平学生得到了低分"说明测验能够很好的区分不同水平考生，区分度较高。

[单选题]"小型分散，便于开展多种多样的活动，满足学生的兴趣、爱好，发展学生的才能，使学生得到更多的学习和锻炼机会"，这种课外活动的形式是( )。

小组活动

解析：暂无

[单选题]物理教师李强结合课程教学内容，查阅资料，利用现有资源自制实验器材，开设了不少探究性物理实验。这表明李老师具有( )。

课程开发意识

解析：新课程改革背景下的教师观强调，要求教师从课程的忠实执行者转变为课程的建设者和开发者。题目中，李强主动查阅资料，开设探究性物理实验，说明李老师具有课程开发的意识。故选择D。

[单选题]以下表述有误的是( )。

德育教育一般包括政治教育、思想教育和法纪教育三个基本方面

解析：德育教育一般包括道德教育、政治教育、思想教育和法制教育。故选择D。

[单选题]从完整的问题解决过程来看，( )是首要环节。

发现问题

解析：问题解决的基本过程是：发现问题一理解问题一提出假设一检验假设。发现问题是问题解决的首要环节。

[单选题]中学生小波通过物理实验发现，钟表的摆动幅度不取决于钟摆的材料或重量，而是取决于钟摆的长度。根据皮亚杰的认知发展阶段理论，小波的认知发展水平已达到( )。

形式运算阶段

解析：根据皮亚杰的认知发展阶段理论，认知发展水平处于形式运算阶段的儿童能够根据逻辑推理、归纳或演绎的方式来解决问题；能够理解符号的意义，对隐喻和直喻能做一定的概括：思维具有可逆性、补偿性和灵活性。小渡可以通过实验进行归纳得出结论，说明小渡的认知发展水平已达到形式运算阶段。

[单选题]"全面系统地掌握感性资料，并在此基础上，把整个问题分解为局部，使矛盾充分暴露，再通过比较分析，找出主要矛盾。"这句话描述的是解决问题过程中的( )。

明确问题

解析：明确问题最基本的条件是全面系统地掌握感性材料，并在此基础上，把整个问题分解为局部问题，使矛盾充分暴露，再通过比较分析，找出主要矛盾，这是理解问题的关键。