正确答案:

题目：材料： 　　"苦难是人生的一笔财富。"这是人们常说的一句激励人奋进的话，可是，苦难不是幸事，也不是每个人都能从中获益的，学会正确对待苦难更有现实的意义。在一次聚会上，那些堪称成功的实业家、明星谈笑风生，其中就有著名的企业家约翰·艾顿。艾顿向他的朋友、后来成为英国首相的丘吉尔回忆起他的过去--他出生在一个偏远小镇，父母早逝，是姐姐帮人洗衣服、干家务，辛苦挣钱将他抚育成人。但姐姐出嫁后，姐夫将他撵到了舅舅家，舅妈更是刻薄，在他读书时，规定每天只能吃一顿饭，还得收搭马厩和剪草坪。刚工作当学徒时，他根本租不起房子，有将近一年多时间是躲在郊外一处废旧的仓库里睡觉……丘吉尔惊讶地问："以前怎么没有听你说过这些？"艾顿笑道："有什么好说的呢？正在受苦或正在摆脱受苦的人是没有权利诉苦的。"这位曾经在生活中失意、痛苦了很久的汽车商又说："苦难变成财富是有条件的，这个条件就是，你战胜了苦难，不再受苦。这时，别人听着你的苦难，也不觉得你是在念苦经，只会觉得你意志坚强，值得敬重。只有在这时，苦难才是你值得骄傲的一笔人生财富。但如果你还在苦难之中或没有摆脱苦难的纠缠，你能说什么呢？在别人听来，无异于就是请求廉价的怜悯甚至乞讨--这个时候你不能说你正在享受苦难，在苦难中锻炼了品质、学会了坚韧。否则别人只会觉得你是在玩精神胜利、自我麻醉吧。"艾顿的一席话，使丘吉尔重新修订他"热爱苦难"的信条。他在自传中这样写道--苦难，是财富还是屈辱？当你战胜了苦难时，它就是你的财富；可当苦难战胜了你时，它就是你的屈辱。 　　（摘编自《课外阅读》2007.9） 　　问题： 　　(1)让苦难不再成为屈辱的前提是什么？请结合文本，谈谈你的看法。（4分） 　　(2)每个人都有表达、申诉的权利，可是艾顿却说"正在受苦或正在摆脱受苦的人是没有权利诉苦的"，谈谈你的理解。(10分)

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]教育的生物起源论和教育的心理起源论都认为教育是先天的而不是后天获得的，否定了教育的( )。

社会属性

解析：生物起源说是第一个有关教育起源的学说，其代表人物是19世纪法国的利托尔诺、美国的桑代克和英国的沛西·能。生物起源说认为人类的教育起源于动物界的生存本能活动。该理论把教育的起源归之于动物的本能行为，完全否认了人与动物的区别，否认了教育的社会属性。

[单选题]首次提出教育遵循自然的观点的是( )。

亚里士多德

解析：古希腊哲学家亚里士多德主张应该按照儿童心理发展规律对儿童分阶段进行教育，他首次提出了教育遵循自然"的观点。故选择B。A项，柏拉图是古希腊伟大的哲学家，也是全部西方哲学乃至整个西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一。西方教育史上第一个提出完整的学前教育思想并建立了完整的教育体系的人。C项，昆体良是古代罗马著名的教育家。他是教育史上大大发展完善教育方法和思想的先驱。著有《演说术原理》-书，是古代西方第一部系统的教学方法论著，不仅反映了公元前后二百年间罗马学校教育的实际，而且系统地阐述了关于培养演说家的教育思想。D项，苏格拉底在教学的方法上通过长期的教学实践，形成了自己一套独特的教学法，人们称之为"苏格拉底方法"，他本人则称之为"产婆术"。

[单选题]在中国教育史上，提倡问难与距师并主张学知与闻见，思考与求是的教育家是( )。

王充

解析：王充《论衡》中出"凡学问之法，不为无才，难于距师，核道实义，证定是非也。问难之道，非必对圣人及生时也"。论学习时，提出学知与闻见，思考与求是，问难与距师。问难不同于一般不明白时的提问，而是质问，提问者是经过个人思考，有自己的看法的。问难的对象没有限制，甚至可以是圣贤。"距师"，即与师保持距离，也就是不能完全附和老师，要有自己的思考和见解。距师并不是拒师，王充更没有彻底否定孔子等圣贤的意思，他提倡的是追求学术真谛的精神，是勤于思索、实事求是的态度。A项，墨翟，即墨子。重要教育观点：墨翟以"兼爱"和"非攻"为基本主张，同时注重文史知识的掌握和逻辑思维能力的培养，还注重实用技术的传习，重视实践。同时认为获得知识的途径"亲知"、"闻知"和"说知"三种途径。B项，孟轲，即孟子，儒家学派代表人物，强调行仁政。重要教育观点：性善论一一身心发展的内发论；"孟母三迁"一一环境对教育的影响；"君子、圣贤、大丈夫"一一教育目的：盈科而进一一强调教育教学要循序渐进。D项，韩愈，著有《师说》、《原性》。主要教育思想：人性观一一人性分为上中下三品，与生俱来。学习观一一勤学、不学、积极思考。教师观一一"学者必有师"，否定"生而知之"，强调教育的重要性；教师任务，传道授业解惑；学无常师；不耻相师一一民主平等的师生关系。

[单选题]教学从本质上讲是一种( )。

认知活动

解析：教学是学校进行全面发展教育的基本途径，是教师教、学生学两方面活动的统一。教学活动是一种特殊的认识、交往和实践活动，这是教学的本质。故选择B。

[单选题]Passage 2 Taylor Swift, the seven-time Grammy winner, is known for her articulate lyrics, so there was nothing surprising about her writing a long column for The Wall Street Journal about the future of the music industry. Yet there's reason to doubt the optimism of what she had to say. "This moment in music is so exciting because the creative avenues an artist can explore are limitless:' Swift wrote. "In this moment in music, stepping out of your comfort zone is rewarded, and sonic evolution is not only accepted...it is celebrated. The only real risk is being too afraid to take a risk at all." That's hard to reconcile with Nielsen's mid-year U.S. music report, which showed a 15 percent year-on-year drop in album sales and a 13 percent decline in digital track sales. This could be the 2013 story all over again, in which streaming services cannibalize their growth from digital downloads, whose numbers dropped for the first time ever last year, except that even including streams, album sales are down 3.3 percent so far in 2014. Streaming has grown even more than it did last year, 42 percent compared to 32 percent, but has failed to make up for a general loss of interest in music.Consider this.in 2014 to date, Americans purchased 593.6 million digital tracks and heard 70.3 million video and audio streams for a sum total of 663.9 million. In the comparable period of 2013, the total came to 731.7 million.Swift, one of the few artists able to pull off stadium tours, believes it's all about quality. "People are still buying albums, but now they're buying just a few of them:' she wrote. "They are buying only the ones that hit them like an arrow through the heart." In 2000, album sales peaked at 785 million. Last year, they were down t0 415.3 million. Swift is right, but for many of the artists whose albums pierce hearts like arrows, it's too late. Sales of vinyl albums have increased 40.4 percent so far this year, according to Nielsen, and the top-selling one was guitar hero Jack White's Lazaretto. The top 10 also includes records by the aging or dead, such as the Beatles and Bob Marley & the Wailers. More modern entries are not exactly teen sensations, either. the Black Keys, Beck and the Arctic Monkeys. None of these artists is present on the digital sales charts, including or excluding streams. The top-selling album so far this year, by a huge margin, is the saccharine soundtrack to the Disney animated hit, Frozen. When, like me, you're over 40 and you believe the music industry has been in decline since in 1993 (the year Nirvana released In Utero), it's easy to criticize the music taste of "the kids these days:' a term even the 23-year old Swift uses. My fellow dinosaurs will understand if they compare 1993's top albums to Nielsen's 2014 list. But these kids don't just like to listen to different music than we do, they no longer find much worth hearing.The way the music industry works now may have something to do with that. In the old days, musicians showed their work to industry executives, the way most book authors still do to publishers (although that tradition, too, is eroding). The executives made mistakes and were credited with brilliant finds. Sometimes they followed the public taste, and sometimes they strove to shape it, taking big financial and career risks in the process. These days, according to Swift, it's all about the social networks. "A friend of mine, who is an actress, told me that when the casting for her recent movie came down to two actresses, the casting director chose the actress with more Twitter followers:' Swift wrote. "In the future, artists will get record deals because they have fans - not the other way around." The social networks are fickle and self-consciously sarcastic (see the recent potato salad phenomenon). They are not about arrow-through-the-heart sincerity. That's why YouTube made Psy a star, but it couldn't have been the medium for Beatlemania. Justin Timberlake has 32.9 million Twitter followers, but he's no Jack White. In the music industry's heyday, it produced a lot of schlock. But it got great music out to the masses, too. These days, it expects artists to do their own promotion and for those who less good at that than at making music, it may mean not getting heard. For fans it means less good music to stream and download. Well, there's always the warm and fuzzy world of vinyl nostalgia, I guess.

What does the underlined word"that"in PARAGRAPH EIGHT refer to?

Kid' s music taste

解析：根据第七段第一句”When, like me,you're over 40 and you believe the music industry has been in decline since in 1993(the year Nirvana released in Utero), it's easy to criticize the music taste of'the kidsthese days.‘a term eventhe 23-year old Swift uses.”可知现在的音乐市场不景气.很容易被人认为是由于现在的孩子对音乐的喜好与作者那时代的人不一样。所以第八段中”he way the music industry works now may have some thing to do with that:中的that指代的就是孩子的音乐喜好kids music taste)，故选择A。

[单选题]韩老师常常说方琼勤奋努力，孙彤细致严谨，李冰诚实可信。韩老师描述的这些心理特征属于（ ）。

性格

解析：性格是个性的外显表现，是显露的气质的外形，是在社会实践中对外界现实的基本态度和习惯的行为方式。例如：性格温和、热情、奔放、对人忠诚、嫉恶如仇、礼让关怀等。本题中，勤奋努力、细致严谨、诚实可信这些词语就是在描述性格。故本题选B。

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　When American-bom actor Michael Pena was a year old.his parents were deported.They had illegally walked across the U.S.border from Mexico and when they were caught by immigration authorities,they sent Pena and his brother to stay with relatives in the U.S."It was quite a bit of a gamble for my parents," says Pena."but they came back a year later." Pena's father,who had been a farmer in Mexico,got a job at a button factory in Chicago anD.eventually,a green card.Pena stayed in Chicago until,at 19,he fled to Los Angeles to pursue his acting dreams. 　　This family history makes Pena's latest role especially personal.In Cesar Chavez,Pena plays the labor leader as he struggles to organize immigrant California farm workers in the 1960s.To pressure growers to improve working conditions and wages,Chavez led a national boycott of table grapes that lasted from 1965 to 1970 and is recorded in the film.Chavez,like Pena.was the American-born son of Mexican farmers who immigrated to the U.S."He understands this duality,the feeling of being born in a place but having a very big idea of where your heritage comes from," says the film director,Diego Luna."This thing of having to go to school and learn in English and then go home to speak Spanish with your parents." 　　As immigration policy is hotly debated on Capitol Hill this year,Luna and others who were involved with Cesar Chavez are hoping the movie will spark new support for reform and inspire American Latinos to get involved."The message Chavez left was that change couldn't happen without the masses being a part of their own change," says Ferrera.a first generation Honduran American who plays the union leader's wife Helen.Rosario Dawson,who co-founded the advocacy group Voto Latino,plays Chavez ally and labor leader Dolores Huerta. 　　Immigrant-rights issues in the U.S.have evolved substantially in the years since Chavez founded the United Farm Workers (UFW).Undocumented workers now make up a far larger share of the agricultural workforce in Califomia than they did in the 1960s,according to Miriam Pawel,author of The Crusades of Cesar Chavez,published the next month.Chavez was vehemently against illegal immigration,believing it made strikes difficult to execute and weakened the union.FIe initiated a program in the mid-1970s to locate undocumented farm workers and report them to immigration officials,Pawel writes.And despite his early victories,Chavez's UFW union represents just a small part ofthose working on California farms today. 　　"Chavez's legacy is not in the field.which is sad." says Pawel.Still,she says,his organizing strategies,featured extensively in Cesar Chavez,have been adopted by other activists,including those leading the modern immigrant-rights movement.Chavez's most important contribution may have been humanizing the Latino population for the American publiC.Farm laborers,many of whom barely spoke English,traveled across the country during the grape boycott,standing outside grocery stores to persuade housewives not to buy grapes and to spread the word about their plight."They gave the boycott this very human face," says Pawel. 　　"It was families talking to other families," says Luna."It's about the power we have just by being who we are."

Whom does the underlined word "He" in PAraGraPH TWO refer to?

Pena.

解析：指代题。定位到原文中，这是导演说的一句话，“他能够理解这种二元性，出生在一个地方，却对故土有远大抱负的感觉”，这句话承接之前提到的Pena和Chaves的相似背景，所以这里的he是指Pena。