正确答案:

题目：课堂提问需要遵循哪些原则？课堂提问能提高学生哪方面的能力？

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[多选题]材料： 　　当今世界已然进入网络化的大数据时代。网络技术、通信技术、移动设备技术的高度发达及其与人的高度融合，产生了爆炸式增长和高度复杂化的数据集合。这些规模超乎想象的，无法"在可容忍的时间内"用当下IT技术和软硬件工具对其进行感知、获取、管理、处理和服务的大数据，具有体量浩大、模式繁多，生成快速、价值巨大但密度很低的特点。这种全面、多源的大数据隐含着巨大的政治、经济、社会价值，已引起各行各业的高度重视。近年来，大数据正在成为国家和政府层面的发展战略，大数据不仅是一种海量的数据状态及其相应的数据处理技术，更是一种思维方式、一项重要的基础设施、一个影响整个国家和社会运行的基础性社会制度。在社会治理创新实践领域，大数据的全数据分析功能正在为治理创新、政策创新、实践创新提供更为充分的技术支撑。大数据将为人类的生活创造前所未有的可量化的思维视角，通过把大数据及其背后的相关性联系，人们完全能够据此做出正确的决定。《纽约时报》在2012年2月的一篇专栏中指出，"大数据"时代已经降临，在商业、经济及其他领域中，决策将日益基于数据和分析而作出，而并非基于经验和直觉。尤其是"物联网"的兴起，人们与感应器、显示屏等数据收集设备的日常交流不可避免，以至于有人预言，感应器和互联网连接也在将"沉默的"设备转变为强大的预测和猜测设备，它们收集的数据可以与来自其他设备和数据库的数据整合在一起，从而创造出新的信息成果，这些成果的价值可能远远高于那些生成基础数据的设备的价值。按照马克思的观点，在创造大数据的历史过程中，每个人既是历史的"剧中人"，又是"剧作者"；"人创造环境，同样环境也创造人"。在创造网络大数据的同时，人们也被网络大数据所改造。大数据正在因其独特的社会价值而触发了社会道德治理的技术化创新潮流。尽管大数据存在着隐私安全、数据获取、数据准确性、数据利用与监管等问题，在目前社会治理实践领域，大数据不仅是人们治理社会的技术路径，还是人们治理改造的可能对象，尚存在理论纷争和现实困境，但是大数据正在毋庸置疑地影响着人们的认知视野，并将进而改变人们的生活、工作和思维方式。网络社会的大数据化对社会治理创新提出了更高的要求，并在科学化、程序化、专业化、系统化等方面提供了更具技术性的支持。社会道德治理创新是一个观念变革、政策选择，政策实施与检测的完整体系，其中大数据承担了数据挖掘、政策支撑、技术实施等功能。大数据管理及其应用的现状表明，通过掌握和利用大数据资源，可以有效地实现社会治理主体的多元化、治理过程的透明化、治理行为的数据化。重视大数据资源发掘和技术应用，以大数据实现社会道德治理的现代化，是"推动国家治理体系和治理能力现代化"的有效途径和时代要求。（摘编自《大数据时代社会道德治理创新的伦理形态》） 　　问题： 　　(1)请简要概括文章画线句"在创造大数据的历史过程中，每一个人既是历史的'剧中人'，又是'剧作者'"表达的意思。（4分） 　　(2)在促进社会治理上，文章认为大数据有怎样的意义？请结合文本，简要分析。(10分)

[多选题]下列选项中属于教育目的的个人本位论的观点的是( )。

教育目的的制定要从受教育者本身出发，而不是从社会需要出发

教育就是个人的教育，个人价值高于社会价值

评价教育作用时要用其对个人的作用来衡量

解析：个人本位教育目的论的观点是：从个体本能需要出发，强调教育要服从人的成长规律和满足人的需要；注重教育对个人的价值；主张教育的目的是培养"自然人"，发展人的个性，增进人的价值，促使个人自我实现。

[单选题] The process of perceiving others is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms."She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas, and characters.Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance. We try to obtain information about others in many ways.Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others; who are known to you so you can compare the observed person′s behavior with the known others′ behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for, deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person′s responses to specific stimuli, asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person-question, self-disclosures, and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise.You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him.If we accept the idea that we won′t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions.It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior.Ironicajly, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well(e.g.secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g.disclosures and truthful statement).

This passage mainly concerns__________.

the perception of other people

解析：1.根据第一段"More often，we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes，emotions，motivations，abilities，ideas，and characters."可知，我们很少根据多高、染什么颜色的头发、穿什么衣服去认识一个人，而更多的是通过他的内在去判断。因此，答案为C。 2.结合第二段和第三段内容可知，有一些人总是为他人的所作所为感到吃惊，这是因为他们没有意识到我们永远不可能完全了解一个人。 3.由第三段可知，我们可能认识一个人十年了但还是对他所知甚少，"because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise"因为我们获取信息的方式通常是不准确的，A项是对impreclse的同义转述。 4.我们发现有一些东西阻碍我们认识别人，根据第三段"those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g.secrets and deceptions)"可知，D为正确答案。 5.本文分别讲了how to perceive others，methods of perceiving others，factors preventing us from knowing others，因此答案为B。

[单选题]课堂上，同学们的注意被突然飞进教室的一只小鸟所吸引。这种注意属于（ ）。

无意注意

解析：无意注意是指事先没有预定目的，也不需要意志努力的注意，也称不随意注意。无意注意无预定目的，自觉性较差，保持时间较短。本题中，学生被突然飞进教室的小鸟就是无意注意。故本题选A。

[多选题]制约课程目标的基本因素包括( )。

社会

知识

儿童

解析：社会、知识和儿童是制约学校课程的三大要素。

[单选题] British psychologists have found evidence of a link between excessive Internet use and depression, a research has shown. Leeds University researchers, writing in the Psychopathology journal, said a small proportion of Internet users were classed as Intemet addicts and that people in this group were more likely to be depressed than non-addicted users. The article on the relationship between excessive Internet use and depression, a questionnaire-based study of 1,319 young people and adults, used data gathered from respondents to links placed on UK-based social networking sites. The respondents answered questions about how much time they spent on the Internet and what they used it for; they also completed the Beck Depression, In,ventory--a series of questions designed to measure the severity of depression. The six-page report, by the university's Institute of Psychological Sciences, said 18 of the people who completed the questionnaire were Internet addicts. "Our research indicates that excessive Jnternet use is associated with depression, but what we don't know is which comes first-are depressed people drawn to the Intemet or does the Intemet cause depression?" the article's lead author, Dr. Catriona Morrison, said."What is clear is that, for a small part of people, excessive use of the Internet could be a warning signal for depressive tendencies." The age range of all respondents was between 16 and 51 years, with a mean age of 21.24. The mean age of the 18 Internet addicts,13 of whom were male and five female, was 18.3 years. By comparing the scale of depression within this group to that within a group of 18 non-addicted Intemet users, researchers found the Internet addicts had a higher incidence of moderate to severe depression than non-addicts. They also discovered that addicts spent proportionately more time browsing sexually pleasing websites, online gaming sites and online communities. "This study reinforces the public speculation that over-engaging in websites that serve to replace normal social function might be linked to psychological disorders like depression and addiction," Morrison said."We now need to consider the wider societal implications of this relationship and establish clearly the effects of excessive Internet use on mental health."

What is confirmed by the study?

Excessive use of Internet usually accompanies depression.

解析：1.细节题。根据文章第一、二段可知，Intemet addicts即为第一段中的“excessive Internet user”，意为过度使用网络的人。故答案为A。 2.细节题。文章第三段提到“…a questionnaire-based study of 1，319 young people and adults，used data gathered from respondents…”由此可知，研究数据来自问卷调查。故答案选A。 3.细节题。根据文章倒数第三段首句“Our research indicates that excessive Intemet use is associated with depression，but what we don't know is which comes first”可知，研究发现沉迷网络和抑郁症有关，即沉迷网络的人有抑郁症的倾向。故选C。 4.细节题。文章最后一段第一句明确指出“This study reinforces the public speculation that over-engaging in websites that serve to replace normal social function”，故答案为D。 5.细节题。文章最后一段第一句明确指出“This study reinforces the public speculation…”据此可知Dr. Catriona Morrison认为公众的推测是正确的。故选D。

[单选题]创造性与智力的关系是( )。①低创造性的智商水平一定很低②高创造性必须有高于一般水平的智商，反之亦然③低智商不可能有高创造性④高智商可能有高创造性，也可能有低创造性

⑧④

解析：(1)低智商不可能具有高创造性；(2)高智商可能有高创造性，也可能有低创造性；(3)低创造性的智商水平可能高，也可能低；(4)高创造性者必须有高于一般水平的智商。故⑧④正确，故选B。

[单选题]提倡儿童中心论的典型人物是( )。

杜威

解析：杜威提出，儿童是教育的起点，是中心，而且是目的。儿童的发展、儿童的生长，就是理想所在。儿童心理学的内容基本就是以本能活动为核心的习惯、情绪、冲动、智慧等天生心理机能的不断开展、生长的过程。教育就是促进本能的生长过程。