正确答案: A

以人为本

题目：现代学生观坚持( )。

解析：新课改提出的理念即以人为本，以学生为中心。故选择A项。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]战国时期，主持修筑都江堰的历史人物是( )。

李冰

解析：战国时代著名的水利工程专家李冰和其子一同主持修建了都江堰水利工程。故选择A。B选项，管仲是我国古代重要的政治家、军事家、思想家，也是先秦诸子中法家的代表人物。著有《管子》一书，辅佐齐桓公成就霸业。与其有关的成语典故有：管鲍之交。C选项，吴起是中国战国初期军事家、政治家、改革家，兵家代表人物，后世把他和孙武并称为"孙吴"，《吴子》与《孙子》又合称《孙吴兵法》，在中国古代军事典籍中占有重要地位。D选择，商鞅通过变法使秦国成为富裕强大的国家，史称"商鞅变法"。与商鞅有关的成语有：立木为信、作茧自缚自缚等。

[单选题]"因材施教"要求教育必须符合人类发展的( )。

个别差异性

解析：因材施教即主张根据学生的个别差异采取不同的方式和方法进行教育，符合人的个别差异性。

[单选题]在斯金纳的操作条件反射理论中，最重要的一个概念是( )。

强化

解析：在斯金纳的操作条件反射理论中，最重要的一个概念是强化。

[单选题]"一个小丑进城，胜过一打医生"，这说明情绪具有( )。

健康功能

解析："一个小丑进城，胜过一打医生"是英国的一句谚语，意思是强调积极乐观的情绪对人的健康具有促进作用。

[单选题]个体具有不需要外界奖励和惩罚作为激励手段，能为设定的目标自我努力工作的一种心理特征称为( )。

我激励

解析：题目中所描述的心理特征符合对自我激励的定义，故选择B。

[单选题]做好班主任工作的前提和基础是( )。

全面了解学生

解析：了解和研究学生是班主任做好班级工作的前提和基础。了解学生包括对学生个体的了解和对学生群体的了解两部分。故选择B。A项，组织和培养班集体是班主任工作的中心环节。C项，无此说法。D项，做好后进生转化工作属于个别教育工作。

[单选题]与群众体育、竞技体育相比，学校体育的突出特点是( )。

教育性与基础性

解析：学校体育是一种教育活动，足以在校学生为学习对象，以促进学生的全面发展为根本目的的活动。学校体育的突出特点是教育性与基础性，即通过传授身体锻炼的基本知识和技能，养成学生自我锻炼身体的习惯，达到促进学生全面发展的目的。

[单选题]22.请阅读Passage 2,完成第1～5题。 　　Passage 2 　　teacher education provided by U,S.colleges and universities has been routinely criticizedsince its inception in the early nineteenth century,sometimes deservedly.These programs,like non-university programs,are uneven in quality and can be improved.What makes today's criticisms different is an aggressive effort by advocacy groups,and self-proclaimed educational entrepreneursto deregulate the preparation of teachers,and to expand independent,alternative routes intoteaching. 　　This effort to “disrupt” the field of teacher preparation in the United States has gainedconsiderable “momentum” and legitimacy,with venture capitalists,philanthropy,and the U.S.Department of Education all providing sponsorship and substantial funding. 　　The strength of this effort is that the United States may quickly seek to dismantle its universitysystem and replace much ofit with independent,private programs.The resulting system of teacherpreparation may differ dramatically in its government,structure,content,and processes moving away from its current location alongside legal,medical,and other professional preparation that pairsacademic degrees with professional training. 　　Throughout the nation,states are reporting teacher shortages in particular subject areas andgeographical locations,and several states have either passed legislation to lower the standards for becoming a teacher or,like the state of Washington,have looked toward expanding the number ofteacher education providers to try to fill teaching vacancies.The federal government has contributedto the push to lower standards for becoming a teacher with the teacher Preparation Academyprovision in the new K-12 education law,the Every Student Succeeds act,which encourages statesto expand the number ofindependent programs not associated with colleges and universities. 　　Because of the increasing tuition rates,a consequence in part,of cuts in funding to publicuniversities that continue to educate most U.S.teachers,enrollments in college and universityteacher education programs have declined in many parts of the country.Independent teacher education programs are being viewed by some as an important part of the solution in staffing thenation's classrooms and addressing our serious and enduring problems in education inequities.Additionally,advocacy groups,philanthropists,and so-called education entrepreneurs are working aggressively to expand these independent alternative routes into teaching. 　　Given the seriousness of the teacher shortage problem in the United States and the substantialmedia attention that has been given to independent teacher education programs as the solutionto teacher shortages and education inequities,policy makers should very carefully examine the evidence that exists about the nature and impact of these relatively new programs that are rapidly expanding while university teacher education enrollments decline.

What measures have been taken by some states to deal with their teacher shortages?

To expand non-university teacher education programs.

解析：细节题。根据第四段中的“...several states have either passed legislation to lower thestandards for becoming a teacher...”可知，几个州为了应付教师短缺局面通过了降低教师标准的立法，A项“增加合格教师的数量”与原文不符。根据第五段中的“Because of the increasing tuition rates，a consequence inpart,of cuts in funding to public universities that continue to educate most U.S.teachers,enrollments in college anduniversity teacher education programs have declinedin many parts ofthe country”可知，由于学费的增加，高等师范教育获得的资金投入缩减了，B项“提高对师范教育项目的资金投入”与原文不符。根据第四段末尾“...encouragesstates to expand the number ofindependent programs not associated with colleges and universities.”及第五段中的“Independent teacher education programs are being viewed by some as an important part of the solution in staffingthe nation's classrooms”可知，一些州发展私立师范教育项目，C项“发展非高等师范教育项目”正确。D项“为师范教育项目设立底线”，文中未提及。故本题选C。