正确答案: C

立春

题目：在二十四节气中，表示冬天即将结束，春天即将开始的节气是( )。

解析：立春是二十四节气中，春季开始的第一个节气。清明是春季第五个节气，树木发芽，百花盛开。春分是春天第四个节气，预示着春天过半，于中间谓之立。惊蛰是春天第三个节气，大地回暖，冬眠的小动物开始苏醒。故选择C。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]班主任张老师决定，凡是考试成绩前三名的学生可以免除班级卫生义务。张老师的做法( )。

不利于学生品德养成

解析：素质教育理念强调，是培养学生德、智、体、美等全面发展的教育，张老师只关注学生的成绩，没有注意培养学生形成良好的卫生习惯和积极为班集体服务的主人翁意识，不利于学生品德的养成，也不是一种科学的管理方式。故选择A。C选项，根据思想品德与知识传授相结合的教学规律，品德的提升和知识的学习相互影响，不重视品德的养成，最终会阻碍学生学习。故排除C。D选项，新课程改革强调均衡发展一一全面发展与个性发展相结合，在保证全面发展的基础上，培养学生个性，发展学生特长，而非各个方面平均发展。故排除D。

[单选题]随机应变、触类旁通表现了思维的( )。

变通性

解析：变通性也指思维的灵活性。思维的灵活性是指思考问题、解决问题的随机应变程度。随机应变、触类旁通正是表现了思维的变通性。

[单选题]教学上讲的举一反三、闻一知十、触类旁通指的是( )。

正迁移

解析：正迁移也叫"助长性迁移"，是指一种学习对另一种学习起到积极的促进作用。正迁移常常在两种学习内容相似，过程相同或使用同一原理时发生。如方程式知识的学习有助于不等式知识的学习，小学数学的学习保证了中学代数的学习，数学知识的学习保证了物理中有关计算问题的解决，阅读技能的掌握有助于写作技能的形成，学习素描会对以后学习油画产生积极影响等都是正迁移。故选择C。A项，横向迁移也称水平迁移、侧向迁移，是先行学习向在难度上和复杂程度上大体属于同一水平，并且相似而且又不同的后继学习发生迁移效果的现象。如直角、钝角、锐角、平角等概念之间的关系是并列的，都处于同一抽象和概括层次，各种概念的学习之间的相互影响即横向迁移。B选项，纵向迁移又称垂直迁移，指处于不同抽象、概括水平的经验之间的相互影响。即具有较高的概括水平的上位经验与具有较低的概括水平的下位经验之间的相互影响。例如，学习掌握了水果这一上位概念，要学习芒果这一下位概念，如果告诉学习者芒果是一种水果，就很容易掌握芒果这一概念，这种迁移就是垂直迁移。D选项，负迁移一般是指一种学习对另一种学习起干扰或抑制作用。负迁移通常表现为一种学习使另一种学习所需的学习时间或所需的练习次数增加或阻碍另一种学习的顺利进行以及知识的正确掌握。如在数学负数运算时错误使用正数的规则等：学会骑三轮车会对学习骑自行车产生消极影响。这些两种学习之间的相互干扰、阻碍作用均属于负迁移。

[单选题]先学会了讲俄语的中国人再学习法语时，学得比其他人快、好。这是属于( )。

正迁移

解析：正迁移也叫"助长性迁移"，是指一种学习对另一种学习起到积极的促进作用。如学习数学有利于学习物理，掌握平面几何有助于掌握立体几何，懂得英语或俄语的人很容易掌握法语等。

[单选题]小伟过分害怕狗，通过让他看狗的照片，谈论狗，远看狗到近看狗、摸狗、抱狗，消除对狗的惧怕反应，这是行为训练的( )。

系统脱敏法

解析：系系统脱敏法包含三个步骤：一是建立焦虑层次（从最轻微的焦虑到引起最强烈的恐惧依次安排）；二是训练来访者松弛肌肉；三是让来访者在肌肉松弛的情况下，从最低层次开始想象产生焦虑的情境，这样直到来访者能从想象情境转移到现实情境，并能在原引起恐惧的情境中保持放松状态，焦虑情绪不再出现为止。故选择B。A选项，全身松弛训练或称松驰训练，是通过改变肌肉紧张，减轻肌肉紧张引起的酸痛，以应付情绪上的紧张、不安、焦虑和气愤。C选项，行为塑造指通过不断强化逐渐趋近目标的反应，来形成某种较复杂的行为。例如，有人曾用行为塑造法让一个缄默无语的孩子开口说话。D选项，肯定性训练，也叫"自信训练"、"果敢训练"，其目的是促进个人在人际关系中公开表达自己真实情感和观点，维护自己权益也尊重别人权益，发展人的自我肯定行为。

[单选题]班级管理的模式有：常规管理、平行管理、民主管理、( )。

目标管理

解析：班级管理的主要模式有常规管理、平行管理、民主管理和目标管理。(1)班级常规管理是指通过制定和执行规章制度去管理班级的经常性活动。(2)班级平行管理是指班主任既通过对集体的管理去间接影响个人，又通过对个人的直接管理去影响集体，从而把对集体和个人的管理结合起来的管理方式。(3)班级民主管理是指班级成员在服从班集体的正确决定和承担责任的前提下，参与班级管理的一种管理方式。(4)班级目标管理是指班主任与学生共同确定班级总体目标，然后转化为小组目标和个人目标，使其与班级总体目标融为一体，形成目标体系，以此推进班级管理活动、实现班级目标的管理方法。

[单选题]请阅读Passage 2，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people.Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies," says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wurzburg,Germany,who led the research. 　　"The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies,but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life,within the last trimester," said Wermke."Contrary to orthodox interpretations,these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development." 　　It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus,in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is,since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound." says Wermke.This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages,they must have some control (presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs,throat,mouth,and larynx.If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like,all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern,since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases.French babies apparently didn't get that memo."German and French infants produce different types of cries,even though they share the same physiology," the scientists point out."The French newborns produce 'nonphysiological' rising patterns," showing that the sound of their cries is under their control. 　　Although phonemes—speech sounds such as "ki" or "sh"—don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus,so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do.These are the variations in pitch,rhythm,and intensity that characterize each language.Just as newboms remember and prefer actual songs that they heard in utero,it seems,so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language. 　　The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech.That acquisition,it is now clear,begins months before birth,probably in the third trimester.Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation pattems of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these pattems in their own　［sound］　production," conclude the scientists.Newborns' "cries are already tuned toward their native language" ,giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or,presumably,English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages).This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort.Sure,we may come into the world wired for language (thank you,Noam Chomsky),but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language. 　　Until this study,scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than 12 weeks of age.That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound.But that's the beginning of true speech.It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive,remember,and play back,they should look at the sound babies produce best.So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.

What does Kathleen Wermke's research indicate?

Babies' cries could be their early language acquisition.

解析：细节题。根据最后一段中的“…scientists thought that babies became capable ofvocal imitation no earlier than 12 weeks of age”可知，A项说法错误。根据第一段中的“We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies”及后文可知，Kathleen Wermke的研究是用婴儿哭声声调的不同来说明婴儿语言的习得可能在子宫中就开始了，婴儿的哭声可能就是他们早期语言习得的体现。B项说法正确。根据倒数第二段中的“That acquisition，it is now clear,begins months before birth，probably in the third trimester”可知，C项与原文不符。D项在文中直接进行了说明，不符合题目要求。故本题选B。