正确答案: A

虽未按常规处理，但有利于激励学生

题目：某同学考试考了59分，老师给他评分为"59+1"，并在发试卷时悄悄对他说："这一分是预支给你的，希望你下次考得更好些，再把这一分还给老师好吗？"该老师的做法( )。

解析：以人为本的学生观强调，学生是发展的人。教师的做法比较超出常规，但是能够意识到学生是发展中的人，具有发展的潜力，这样可以很好的鼓励学生，激发潜能。老师新颖的教育方法可以鼓励学生再接再厉，所以选A。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]梁启超认为："要进行趣味教育，就要让学生领会学习的乐趣，不能摧残学生学习趣味。而摧残教育趣味的原因其中有一条就是注射式教育。"这就要求教师要开展趣味教育，就要做到( )。

培养学生学习兴趣，引导学生主动学习

解析：新课改背景下的教师观强调，教师是学生学习的引导者。教师应该把激发学生学习的动机，指导学生的学习方法，作为自己工作的主要目标。梁启超所说的"注射式教育"指的就是传统教育中的"灌输式教育"。要进行趣味教育，就要利用学生的主观能动性，激发学生学习的乐趣。故选择C项。

[单选题]下列项目中：1.外出2.协作3.交谈4.帮助5.讲座，属于校本研修教师同伴互助的基本形式是()。

2、4、5

解析：教师同伴互助是指教师在自身专业发展当中一种发展方式，教师之间互帮互助，在校本研修中，属于教师同伴互助的基本形式主要有：协作、帮助、讲座。故选择D。

[单选题]我国古代科举考试以儒家的"四书""五经"为重要依据，"四书"是指《大学》《孟子》《论语》和( )。

《中庸》

解析："四书"是指《大学》《孟子》《论语》和《中庸》。

[单选题]人的感受性与感觉阈限之间呈线性关系。( )A.正确B.错误

解析：人的感受性与感觉阈限之间呈反比关系。

[单选题]根据埃里克森的理论，12-20岁的发展任务是培养( )。

自我同一性

解析：埃里克森认为青春期面临的主要问题是自我同一性和角色混乱的冲突。一方面青少年本能冲动的高涨会带来问题，另一方面更重要的是青少年面临新的社会要求和社会的冲突而感到困扰和混乱。故选择D。A选项，儿童期（1.5～3岁）儿童掌握了大量的技能，如，爬、走、说话等，更重要的是他们学会了怎样坚持或放弃，也就是说儿童开始"有意志"地决定做什么或不做什么。这一时期的主要任务是培养她们的自由性。B选项，学龄初期（3～6岁）在这一时期如果幼儿表现出的主动探究行为受到鼓励，幼儿就会形成主动性，这为他将来成为一个有责任感、有创造力的人奠定了基础。C选项，学龄期（6～12岁）这一阶段的儿童都应在学校接受教育。如果他们能顺利地完成学习课程，他们就会获得勤奋感，这使他们在今后的独立生活和承担工作任务中充满信心。

[单选题] Looking for a new weight loss plan? Try living on top of a mountain. Mountain air contains less oxygen than air at lower altitudes, so breathing it causes the heart to beat faster and the body to bum more energy. A handful of studies have found that athletes training at high altitudes tend to lose weight. Doctor Florian Lippl of the University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich wondered how the mountain air would affect overweight individuals if they weren't doing any more physical activity than usual. Lippl and his colleagues invited 200verweight men to an environmental research station about 300 meters below the summit of Zugspitze, a mountain around 2,970 meters near the Austrian border. They were allowed to eat as much as they liked. The men also gave blood so that researchers could test for hormones(荷尔蒙) linked to appetite and fatness. At the end of the week, the men, whose mean weight starting out was 105 kg, had lost on average about 1.5 kg. The men's blood pressure also dropped, which the researchers attributed to weight lost. Exactly what caused the weight loss is uncertain. Loss of appetite is common at higher altitudes, and indeed the men ate significantly less than usual-about 700 calories fewer per day. Lippl also notes that because their consumption was being recorded, they may have been more self-conscious about what they ate. Regardless, eating less accounts for just 1 kg of the 1.5 kg lost, says Lippl. He thinks the increased metabolic rate, which was measured, also contributed to weight loss but cannot separate the different effects with the given data. Appetite loss at high altitudes could certainly be key, notes Damian Bailey, a physiologist at the University of Glamorgan, UK, who recently lost 11 kg during a 3-month expedition to the Andes in Chile. Unfortunately, for the average person there's no treatment that can resemble living at high altitude, says Lippl. The only alternative is a hypobaric chamber, which exposes subjects to low oxygen and isn't practical as a therapy. He says, half-jokingly,"if fat people plan their holidays, they might not go to the sea, but maybe to the mountains."

Why does Damian Bailey agree with the idea of appetite loss at high altitudes?

He lost much weight in the high altitude Andes.

解析：1.细节题。文章第一段第三句指出“Mountain air contains less oxygen than air at lower altitudes，so breathing it causes the heart to beat faster and the body to burn more energy.”即山上空气所含的氧气少于低海拔地区，所以呼吸时心脏跳动更快，身体也消耗更多的能量。由此可知心率与氧气含量多少有关。故选D。 2.细节题。根据文章第二段中“…researchers could test for hormones linked to appetite and fatness”可知hormones会影响食欲和肥胖，即体重。故选A。 3.细节题。第三段第二句指出“…the men ate significantly less than usual-about 700 calories fewer per day”由此可知，选项B正确。 4.细节题。根据文章第四段可知，Damian Bailey认同高海拔地区能影响人的食欲，从而影响体重．因为他在安第斯山脉考察的3个月里瘦了11公斤。故选D。 5.推断题。根据短文最后一句“He says，half-jokingly，if fat people…”中half-jokingly (半开玩笑地)可推断出Lippl在谈到通过去高原地区度假这种方式来减肥是随意的，开玩笑的。故选A。

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 1,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science,but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance,were determined by technologists,artisans,designers,inventors, and engineers-use nonscientific modes of thought.This kind of thinking way is different from science.Many features and qualities ofthe objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with the mind by a visual,nonverbal process.In the development of Western technology,it has been non-verbal thinking,by and large,that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings.Pyramids,cathedrals,and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics,but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them. 　　The creative shaping process of a technologist's mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists.For example,in designing a diesel engine,a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience,by physical requirements,by limitations of available space,and not least by a sense of form.Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter,may depend on scientific calculations,but the nonscientific component of design remains primary. 　　Design courses,then,should be an essential element in engineering curriculum.Nonverbal thinking of a central mechanism in engineering design,involves perceptions,the stock-in-trade of the artist,not the scientist.Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail "hard thinking" , nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive Process and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought.But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering,the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students,but rather students attending architectural schools. 　　If courses in design,which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving,are not provided.we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems.For example,early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system.absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations: they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.

What is the author's attitude towards Design courses?

Supporting.

解析：态度题。本文中作者一直在强调从设计课中学习非语言思维的重要性，因此可推断，作者支持开设设计课，故本题选D。

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Come on-Everybody's doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the CluB.Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. 　　Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina.a state-sponsored antismoking program called rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South AfricA.an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. 　　The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology."Dare to be different,please don't smoke! " pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure. 　　But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long.rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. 　　There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. 　　Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world.as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.

In the author's view,Rosenberg's book fails to_________.

adequately probe social and biological factors

解析：推断题。第四段提到“Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful"，即Join the Club这本书中充斥着太多无关的细节，却没有充分探索那些使同侪压力如此强大的社会和生物因素，因此只有A项“（未能）充分探究社会和生物因素”与之吻合，fails to adequately probe social and biological factors就是原文not enough exploration of the social and biological factors的同义再现。B项“（未能）有效避免社会治疗的缺点”原文未提及，C项“（未能）阐释政府资助的功能”和D项“（未能）产生持久的社会效果”属于张冠李戴。