[单选题]儿童在熟悉了"哈密瓜""西瓜""菠萝"等概念之后，再学习"水果"这一概念，按照奥苏伯尔的学习分类理论，这种学习属于( )。

正确答案 ：A

上位学习

解析：上位学习是指新概念、新命题具有较广的包容面或较高的概括水平，这时，新知识通过把一系列已有观念包含于其下而获得意义，新学习的内容便与学生认知结构中已有观念产生了一种上位关系。"哈密瓜""西瓜""菠萝"等概念属于已有的较低层次的知识，"水果"属于较高层次的概念，因此这种学习是上位学习。

[单选题]提出"认知发现说"学习理论的心理学家是( )。

正确答案 ：D

布鲁纳

解析：布鲁纳提出了"认知发现说"学习理论。

[单选题]负强化是通过消除惩罚鼓励积极行为的过程。( )A.正确B.错误

正确答案 ：

解析：负强化又称为消极强化，是通过消除或中止厌恶、不愉快刺激来增强反应频率。这种反应可能是积极的行为也可能是消极的行为，故此题是错误的。

[单选题]学习动机支配着学习者的学习行为。小刘为了得到老师或父母的奖励而努力学习，则他的学习动机是( )。

正确答案 ：B

外部动机

解析：根据动机产生的诱因来源，可以把学习动机分为内部学习动机和外部学习动机。内部动机是人们对学习本身的兴趣所引起的动机。外部动机是由外部诱因所引起的动机。

[单选题]心理辅导的基本目标是( )。

正确答案 ：D

学会调适

解析：心理辅导的一般目标第一是学会调适，第二是寻求发展，前者是基本目标，后者是高级目标。

[多选题]一位教师在课堂上．先直接讲解了虚拟语气的语法规则，然后呈现了几个例句： (1)I wish I had not failed the English examination. (2)I wish I had been there yesterday. (3)He wishes he had met her at the street corner. 接着让学生进行各种替换练习、句子练习等训练。 请问该教师使用了哪种语法教学方法？该方法有什么优缺点？与此相对应的方法是什么？有什么优点？

正确答案 ：

[单选题] Since ancient times, the destructive effects of earthquakes on humanlives and property have encouraged the search for reliable methods of earthquake prediction. This challenge remains and modern scientists continue to search for reliable methods to determine the time, place and intensity of individual quakes. One prediction technique involves an analysis of the recurrence rates of earthquakes as indicators of future activity. Earthquakes are concentrated in certain areas of the world which are subject to constant movements of earth's plates and it is in these areas that scientists focus their investigations. This search for pre-earthquake phenomena has received particular attention. In contrast to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who relied on the crying of dogs as a warning sign, modem scientists have focused on physical evidence for a coming earthquake. Evidence of plate strain can be found by measuring relative movements, while chemical changes also offer signals for scientists. Analysis of the changes in magnetic properties and conductivity of rocks provides further data for prediction. The electrical and magnetic properties of crustal rocks are particularly sensitive to strain. The conductivity of crustal rock is determined by the degree to which the rock is soaked with fluid and the electrolytic properties of those fluids. Before large earthquakes, small fractures develop in rocks, which change the quantity of fluid present. These changes can be measured and provide useful data. However, similar changes in the fluid, bearing capacity of rock can occur as a result of other factors such as changes in the water table, and therefore this technique is not entirely reliable. The ancient believe that the behavior of birds, cats and dogs provides evidence of inevitable earthquakes has recently been attended as a result of tests carried out in California. It has been shown that changes taking place in the metabolic rates of these animals correlate with subsequent seismic activity. It is assumed that the animals are sensitive to the seismic waves which precede major quakes. In zones where earthquakes are known to occur, improved construction techniques can significantly reduce the effects of seismic waves. If more accurate information regarding the time and intensity were available, govemments could take even more effective measures to reduce the impact on human life, if, however, an entirely accurate prediction technique became available, there would be significant social and political implications.

Recurrence rates of earthquakes can help predict future quakes because ________.

正确答案 ：D

continuous plate movements often result in earthquakes in certain areas

解析：1.细节题。由题干可定位至第一段最后一句，根据“Earthquakes are concentrated in certain areas of the world which are subject to constant movements of earth's plates”可知，地震总是集中在受到地球板块持续运动影响的特定区域。故选项D正确。 2.细节题。短文第三段第一句指出“Analysis of the changes in magnetic properties and conductivity of rocks provides further data for prediction.”即对岩石的磁性和导电性变化的分析为地震预测提供了很多数据。故选项B正确。 3.细节题。根据短文第三段第二句“The electrical and magnetic properties of crustal rocks are particularly sensitive to strain.”即外壳岩的电磁性对压力很敏感，由此可判断出答案为B。 4.细节题。短文第三段最后一句指出“However，similar changes in the fluid，bearing capacity of rock can occur as a result of other factors such as changes in the water table, and therefore this technique is not entirely reliable.”即其他因素也会导致岩石含水量的变化，比如地下水位的变化。因此这种方法也不是完全可靠的。故选项A正确。 5.推断题。根据短文最后一段中“…improved construction techniques can significantly reduce the effects of seismic waves”可知选项C正确。

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