正确答案: A

牡丹、芍药和玫瑰均种

题目：针对一块园地，园艺师们提出了如下建议：(1)牡丹、芍药至多种植一种；(2)如果种植芍药，则不能种植蝴蝶兰或者玫瑰；(3)牡丹、玫瑰至少种植一种。实际种植时，上述三条建议只有一条被采纳。根据以上陈述，以下最可能符合实际种植情况的是( )。

解析：这是一道真假话推理的题目。因为上述三条建议只有一条被采纳，意味着在正确的选项下，三句话只有一句话为真，那么我们可以分别对四个选项进行假设，结果如下：A项，(1)×，(2)×，(3)√；B项，(1)√,(2)√,(3)×;C项，(1)√,(2)×，(3)√；D项，(1)√，(2)√，(3)×。故选择A项。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]在教育史上，最早运用"产婆术"教导学生的教育家是( )

苏格拉底

解析：苏格拉底提出产婆术。他认为：教育是思想上的接生，强调教育应该是由内而外的，是将儿童心灵中的智慧不断引出、发展的过程。第一步是苏格拉底讽刺，除非一个人很谦逊自知其无知，否则他不可能学不到真知；第二步是定义，在问答过程中归纳；第三步是助产术，引导学生自己进行思索，自己得出结论。故选择D。A项，洛克提出白板说。白板说认为人的心灵原来像一块白板，即空白的板，人的一切知识和观念都是从后天的经验中获得的。B项，柏拉图一一《理想国》。人类要从现实世界走向理念世界，非常重要就是通过教育。他是"寓学习于游戏"的最早提倡者。C项，赫尔巴特，科学教育学之父、传统教育代表人。他的著作《普通教育学》一一标志教育学作为一门规范、独立的学科正式诞生。

[单选题]下列关于教育家及其著作的说法，正确的是( )。

美国教育家杜威是实用主义的代表人物，其代表作是《民主主义与教育》

解析：A项《实验教育学》的作者足拉伊，B项《学记》是最早专门论述教育问题的专著：C项近代最早的教育学著作足夸美纽斯的《大教学论》。

[单选题]"循序渐进"教学原则是根据人的身心发展( )特点提出来。

顺序性

解析：顺序性，强调发展过程是由低级到高级，有顺序的发展过程，启示教育要做到循序渐进，不能"拔苗助长"，故选择D。A项，阶段性强调不同阶段学生有不同发展特点，有不同的教育内容和教育方法：教育启示为不能搞"一刀切"、"一锅煮"。B项，个别差异性是指个体与个体之间发展水平，发展速度等之间的差异：教育启示为"因材施教"。C项，不平衡性强调学生同一种机能，发展速度有快有慢；不同机能之间，成熟速度和时间有早有晚。教育启示为教学中注意"关键期和最佳期"。

[单选题]下位学习包括派生类属学习和( )。

相关类属学习

解析：下位学习又称类属学习，是一种把新的观念归属于认知结构中原有观念的某一部分，并使之相互联系的过程。下位学习包括派生类属学习和相关类属学习。

[单选题]When you pick up a newspaper, you read through the headlines, titles and subtitles quickly to get a general idea about what is written on the page and find out if there is anything interesting there. This skill is called ________.

skimming

解析：考查英语阅读技巧。读报时通过快速浏览标题、副标题，抓住文章要点并找到自己感兴趣的点，这种阅读技巧叫做略读。故选B。

[单选题] Man still has a lot to learn about the most powerful and complex part of his body-the brain. In ancient times men did not think that the brain was the center of mental activity. Aristotle, the philosopher of ancient Greece, thought that the mind was based in the heart. It was not until the 18th century that man realized that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind. During the 19th century scientists found that when certain parts of the brain were damaged, men lost the ability to do certain things. And so, people thought that each part of the brain controlled a different activity. But modern research has found that this is not so. It is not easy to say exactly what each part of the brain does. In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the brain. Chemists and biologists have found that the way the brain works is far more complicated than they had thought. In fact many people believe that we are only now really starting to learn the truth about how the human brain works. The more scientists find out, the more questions they are unable to answer. For instance, chemists have found that over 100,000 chemical reactions take place in the brain every second. Mathematicians who have tried to use computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos. Some recent research also suggests that we remember everything that happens to us. We may not be able to recall this information, but it is all stored in our brains. Scientists hope that if we can discover how the brain works, the better use we will be able to put it to For example, how do we learn language? Some children learn to speak, read and write when they are very young compared to average children But scientists are not sure why this happens They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.

What does the author mention in the history of the brain study?

People gradually noticed the importance of the brain over time.

解析：1.主旨题。第一段点明文章主题，第二段和第三段讲的是历史上人们对于大脑的认识，而后几段是近些年人类对于大脑的科学研究。观察此题选项，A、C、D都只是其中的一部分，只有B最为全面。 2.细节题。本题的定位点在文章的第二段和第三段，根据“the mind was based in the heart”，可见那时人们认为脑子的工作是基于心的，故A错误。而文章只说了心脏和脑子的关系，并没有说心脏是人类行为的控制中心，故C排除。又根据19世纪的认知，“people thought that each part of the brain controlled a different activity”，即不同的大脑部位控制不同的行为，可知B，大脑各部分合作控制行为错误，故选D。 3.细节题。此句可以翻译为“人们意识到在人的意识活动时，整个大脑都参与”，故A、 B、D都正确，只有C逻辑不对，我们思维活动时只需要大脑这句话没有提及。 4.细节题。“Mathematicians who have tried to use computers to copy the way the brain works”，由此可知数学家只是尝试用电脑模拟大脑的活动，而非为模拟大脑活动而建了一个电脑，A与原文不符，为本题答案。 5.态度题。作者全文都在陈述人类在不同时期对于大脑的探索，一直在陈述事实，不带感情色彩，也没有对于什么观点有评论，故选D，作者的语气是客观的。

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture-the language we speak,the values we absorb-shapes the brain,and are rethinking findings derived from studies of Westerners.To take one recent example,a region behind the forehead called the medial prefrontal cortex supposedly represents the self: it is active when we ( "we" being the Americans in the study) think of our own identity and traits.But with Chinese volunteers,the results were strikingly different.The "me" circuit hummed not only when they thought whether a particular adjective described themselves,but also when they considered whether it described their mother.The Westerners showed no such overlap between self and mom.Depending whether one lives in a culture that views the self as autonomous and unique or as connected to and part of a larger whole,this neural circuit takes on quite different functions. 　　"Cultural neuroscience" ,as this new field is calleD.is about discovering such differences.Some of the findings,as with the "me/mom" circuit,buttress longstanding notions of cultural differences.For instance,it is a cultural cliche that Westerners focus on individual objects while East Asians pay attention to context and background (another manifestation of the individualism-collectivism split).Sure enough,when shown complex,busy scenes,Asian-Americans and non-Asian-Americans recruited different brain regions.The Asians showed more activity in areas that process figure-ground relations-holistic context-while the Americans showed more activity in regions that recognize objects. 　　Psychologist Nalini Ambady of Tufts found something similar when she and colleagues showed drawings of people in a submissive pose (head down,shoulders hunched) or a dominant one (arms crosseD.face forward) to Japanese and Americans.The brain's dopamine-fueled reward circuit became most active at the sight of the stance-dominant for Americans,submissive for Japanese-that each volunteer's culture most values,they reported in 2009.This raises an obvious chicken-and-egg question,but the smart money is on culture shaping the brain,not vice versa.Cultural neuroscience wouldn't be making waves if it found neurobiological bases only for well-known cultural differences.It is also uncovering the unexpected.For instance,a 2006 study found that native Chinese speakers use a different region of the brain to do simple arithmetic (3 + 4) or decide which number is larger than native English speakers do,even though both use Arabic numerals.The Chinese use the circuits that process visual and spatial information and plan movements (the latter may be related to the use of the abacus).But English speakers use language circuits.It is as if the West conceives numbers as just words,but the East imbues them with symboliC.spatial freight.(Insert cliche about Asian math geniuses.) "One would think that neural processes involvng basic mathematical computations are universal," says Ambady,but they "seem to be culture-specific". 　　Not to be the skunk at this party,but I thunk it's important to ask whether neuroscience reveals anything more than we already know from,say,anthropology.For instance,it's well known that East Asian cultures prize the collective over the individual,and that Americans do the opposite.Does identifying brain correlates of those values offer any extra insight? After all,it's not as if anyone thought those values are the result of something in the liver. 　　Ambady thinks cultural neuro-science does advance understanding.Take the me/mom finding,which,she argues,"attests to the strength of the overlap between self and people close to you in collectivistic cultures and the separation in individualistic cultures.It is important to push the analysis to the level of the brain." Especially when it shows how fundamental cultural differences are-so fundamental,perhaps,that "universal" notions such as human rights,democracy,and the like may be no such thing.

Why does the author cite the findings ofprevious studies in Paragraph 3?

To provide empirical data to confirm a prior belief.

解析：推断题。由第三段可知引用先前研究的结果是为了确认之前的看法是对的。故本题选D。