正确答案: C

All words in one language have equivalents in another.

题目：Which of the following assumptions fails to describe the nature ofvocabulary or vocabulary learning?

解析：本题考查词汇教学。题干：下列哪项说法没有正确描述词汇或词汇学习的性质？A项“最好在语境中学习单词”；B项“一个词条可以对应不止一个单词”；C项“在一门语言中的所有单词在另一门语言中都有对应的词汇”，但是事实上一门语言的词汇与另外一门语言的词汇并不是一一对应的关系，比如“巧克力”就是一个音译过来的原本在汉语里不存在的词汇；D项“学习一个单词包括学习其形式、意义和用法”。故本题选C。

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学习资料的答案和解析：

[单选题]主张"学习的实质是在主体内部构造完形"的心理学家是( )。

苛勒

解析：苛勒认为，学习过程中问题的解决，都是由于对情境中事物关系的理解而构成一种"完形"来实现的，即学习的实质是在主体内部构造完形，故选择B。A选项，斯金纳，新行为主义心理学家，提出操作性条件反射，系统论述了强化理论，提出了程序教学法。C选项，巴甫洛夫，高级神经活动生理学的奠基人，是条件反射理论的建构者，也是传统心理学领域之外而对心理学发展影响最大的人物之一。D选项，马斯洛是20世纪50年代中期兴起的人本主义心理学派的主要创始人，他提出了需要层次论。

[单选题] The use of deferential language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman, which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her family and its male head. She is a dutiful daughter, wife, and mother, master of the domestic arts. The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she "treads softly in the world," elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form. Nowadays, it is commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic ideal. They are using fewer of the very deferential "women's" forms, and even using the few strong forms that are known as "men's." This, of course, attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women's language. Indeed, we didn't hear about "men's language" until people began to respond to girls' appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is considerable sentiment about the "corruption" of women's language-which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality-and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly camed out by the media. Yoshiko Matsumoto has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms as older women. This highly polite style is no doubt something that young women have been expected to "grow into"-after all, it is assign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one's social relations as well. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women-in a fashion analogous to little girls' use of a high-pitched voice to do "teacher talk" or "mother talk" in role play. The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change-of social change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainly not a sign of the "masculization" of girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be "masculine." Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools arid out. Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations to life stages, and adolescent girls are participating in new sub-cultural forms. Thus what may, to an older speaker, seem like "masculine" speech may seem to an adolescent like "liberated" or "hip" speech.

Which is not a character of a typical refined Japanese woman?

A little masculine.

解析：1.细节题。文中第一段提到了典型的日本女人受到孔子思想的影响，谦虚、优雅；只有 C选项不是日本女人的典型特征，故选C。 2.细节题。文中最后一段提到“The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change”即年轻女人使用的语言不再那么顺从，与B选项吻合，故选B。 3.细节题。文中第二段提到“This，of course，attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women's language”即日本媒体强烈反对女性用语中的去女性化现象。故选A。 4.细节题。文中第三段提到“…it is assign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one's social relations as well.”即高度有礼貌的语言被视为一种成熟和文雅，选项C符合题意。 5.细节题。文章最后一段提到“Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools and out"选项A符合题意，故选A。

[单选题]下面说法属于学习负迁移类型的是( )。

总是把英语字母念成汉语拼音

解析：负迁移是指两种学习之间相互干扰、阻碍，即一种学习对另一种学习产生消极影响。把英语字母念成汉语拼音，就是学习内容之间发生了消极干扰，故选择D。A项，正迁移是指一种学习对另一种学习产生积极的促进影响作用。"举一反三、触类旁通"，是知识之间的促进作用，属于正迁移。同化性迁移是指不改变原有的认知结构，直接将原有的认知经验应用到本质特征相同的一类事物中去，以揭示新事物的意义与作用或将新事物纳入原有的经验结构中去。"举一反三、触类旁通"强调将已有的经验，直接应用到同类的事物中，故也属于同化迁移。B选项，一般迁移，也称"非特殊迁移"、"普遍迁移"，是指在一种学习中所习得的一般原理、原则和态度对另一种具体内容学习的影响，即原理、原则和态度的具体应用。"将所学的原理应用于现实问题解决"，解释了一般迁移。C选项，逆向迁移是指后继学习对先前学习的影响。"学了后一种，巩固了前面的学习"，是后面学习，促进了前面的学习内容一一后学习影响先学习的，解释了逆向迁移。

[单选题]王老师在教学中总是尝试新的教学方法，在音乐课上，王老师鼓励同学们给经典音乐重新填词，评选“最美歌词”和“最具创意奖”，同学们对音乐课的兴趣大增，下列选项中是孔子所说，且与王老师做法相符的是（ ）。

“学而不已，阖棺乃止”

解析：本题中，王老师在教学中总是尝试新的教学方法。体现的就是“学而不已，阖棺乃止”的思想。故本题选B。

[单选题]"中华人民共和国成立于1949年"，这属于以下哪类知识？( )

陈述性知识

解析：陈述性知识，也叫"描述性知识"。它是指个人具有有意识的提取线索，而能直接加以回忆和陈述的知识。主要是用来说明事物的性质、特征和状态，用于区别和辨别事物。"中华人民共和国成立于1949年"是一种描述性的知识。

[单选题]对道德规范及其执行意义的认识就是( )。

道德认识

解析：道德认识也可称为道德观念，是一种对道德行为的是非、善恶、美丑及其执行意义的认识，其中包括道德概念与道德信念的形成以及运用这些观念去分析道德行为，对人或对事做出符合自己认识水平的道德评价。

[单选题]一份教案的核心是( )。

设计教学进程

解析：教案的基本组成部分和核心是教学进程，内含教学纲要和教学活动安排，教学方法的具体应用和各种组成部分的时间分配等。故选择C。

[单选题]某机构决定从五位业务骨干中选派一人到国外学习，这五位骨干分别是赵、钱、孙、李、周。在决定选派人选之前有如下对话：赵说：或者是我去，或者是孙去；钱说：周不去；孙说：如果不是李去，那么就是钱去；李说：既不是我去，也不是钱去；周说：既不是孙去，也不是赵去。最终确定人选后发现以上对话中只有两个人说对了，那么被选中的是( )。

周

解析：此题考查复言命题的推理。分析题干信息可知，赵和周的话，孙和李的话分别是矛盾关系，因此分别互为一真一假的关系。又因为只有两个人说对了，那么钱的话一定为假，所以选派的人应该是周，故选择C项。

[单选题]美国心理学家布鲁纳认为，学习的实质在于( )。

主动地构建认知结构

解析：布鲁纳认为，学习的本质不是被动地形成刺激一反应的联结，而是主动地形成认知结构。