【名词&注释】
中国传统文化(chinese traditional culture)、戊戌变法(1898)、以身作则(set an example)、条件反射(conditioned reflex)、精神财富(spiritual wealth)、《韩诗外传》、直接关系(directly related)、同时发生(simultaneity)、疾恶如仇、同时对比(simultaneous contrast)
[单选题]"智如泉源,行可以为仪表者,人之师也。"(《韩诗外传》)这句话告诉我们,教师( )。
A. 不仅要提高道德认识,还要加强道德实践
B. 不仅要有从教的学识能力,还要做到以身作则
C. 不仅要有丰富的学识,还要注重能力的提升
D. 不仅要有专业知识,还要有人文情怀
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学习资料:
[单选题]教育无目的论的代表人物是( )。
A. 柏拉图
B. 赫尔巴特
C. 杜威
D. 布鲁纳
[多选题]明暗相邻的边界上,看起来亮处更亮,暗处更暗了,这是( )。
A. 马赫带现象
B. 同时对比(simultaneous contrast)
C. 继时对比
D. 感觉对比
[单选题]教育心理学的创始人桑代克认为,学习者只有提前具有某种需要,本能积极接受知识,这体现学习规律是( )。
A. 准备律
B. 效果律
C. 练习律
D. 条件反射
[单选题]以下不属于动作技能学习心理过程的阶段的是( )。
A. 联系形成阶段
B. 认知阶段
C. 自动化阶段
D. 熟练阶段
[单选题]心理学家舒茨认为最基本的人际关系需要有三类,其中表现为希望与别人发生相互作用,联系并维持和谐关系的是( )。
A. 包容需要
B. 控制需要
C. 尊重需要
D. 情感需要
[单选题] That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.Socalled intelligent behavior demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice(or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive.In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted co have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Indeed, when one′s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief: Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded of people who(by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.This forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output).Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.
From the evolutionary point of view, _______’
A. sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences
B. forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive
C. if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden, he must be very adaptive
D. forgetting is an indication of an individual′s adaptability
[多选题]材料:
五四运动出现了一批狂飙突进的猛将,如陈独秀、胡适、钱玄同、蔡元培、李大钊、鲁迅、周作人等。这些人站在时代的前列,高举文化批判的旗帜,面对中国传统而巩固的旧文化和旧礼教,指出它阻碍中国前进的保守性,以惊电迅雷的气势进行扫荡,从而开辟出一条通往光明的道路。他们的勇气和激情,产生于中国内忧外患的现实,产生于现实中的污垢和血腥。他们是登高一呼从者如云的英雄式人物。他们的胆略和气魄,至今尚使我们为之气壮!这些先行者,他们给中国社会送来一剂疗救病症的"药",这药是治"心"的,是"醒魂药"。他们继承了前人奋斗的遗产,这里有戊戌变法和辛亥革命的遗产。但他们推出的新文化和新文学,却是他们的前人所未曾造出的成功。
冰心不是这类英雄式的人物,她更"平常"。但她响应了和参与了这种英雄业绩的创造和建设。她和五四那一代人有一种共同的性格,那就是反抗和批判。他们同样是新时代和新潮流的推动者。他们共同完成了中国20世纪伟大的精神革命。伟大的五四精神其实质在对于旧文化和旧礼教的抗争。但五四并非一味地"破坏",它有鲜明的建设精神;五四也并非一味地"激烈",它的本质是温情的和人性的。这些本质在那些猛将身上,是隐藏着和潜伏着的,而在另一类"非猛将"如冰心这样的人身上,则成为一种非常明显确定的品质。
这是充满幻想和想象力的一代人。他们从中国悠久的传统中走来,而又不满并质疑那一切。但在他们的创造中却又融进了并更新了其中有益的养分。他们未曾因批判和反抗而造成文化的"断裂",相反,他们更生了中国文化,他们使自己成为中国最丰富和最有创造力的一代人。
这个让人景仰的队伍中,走着我们的冰心先生。她是最先觉悟的那些女性中的一位。她接受中国传统文化的熏陶,她又接受了教会的和美国式的教育。中西、古今文化的交汇和融合,在她那里造出了奇迹。她起步于"问题小说"的写作,成为"文学研究会"的中坚,她的创作服务于"为人生"的理想;她受秦戈尔的启发,首创"随感式"的无题小诗,发起和倡导了中国新诗史的"小诗运动";她用通讯的方式写散文,她的《寄小读者》开辟了散文的新天地,一种崭新的抒情文体在她的笔下诞生;冰心还是新文学中儿童文学元老式的人物,也是儿童文学热情的支持者和实践者。
冰心毕生都在这样辛勤地创造着,直到生命的晚年,她都没有放下她所钟情的手中的笔。而且愈到晚年,她性格中潜藏的刚烈之气愈为显扬。身居郊野,不忘天下,正气凛然,疾恶如仇。所作短文,如《万般皆上品》《无士则如何》等,竞有匕首般的犀利!让人不敢相信这些文章竞出自年近百岁的老人之手!
斗转星移,岁月不居,冰心走完她的百年人生长途,离我们去了。但她在我们的心目中始终是一颗不倦地燃烧着的星,这颗星已燃烧了一百年!她留给我们的是一种我们永远无法企及的高雅文采、凛然不可侵犯的尊严的精神财富。
(选自谢冕《这颗心燃烧了一百年》,有删改)
问题:
(1)第3自然段中说"他们更生了中国文化","更生"在文中的含义是什么?(4分)
(2)文中比较了冰心先生和陈独秀等人的异同,请你加以概括。(10分)
A. 【参考答案】
(1)①从传统中来却不满并质疑一切;②创造中融入了更新更有益的养分。
(2)相同点:都有反抗和批判的性格;都是新时代和新潮流的推动者。
不同点:
陈独秀等人是狂飙突进的猛将,高举文化批判的旗帜,面对中国传统而巩固的旧文化和旧礼教,指出它阻碍中国前进的保守性,以惊电迅雷的气势进行扫荡;他们温情的和人性的本质是隐藏着和潜伏着的。
冰心先生具有建设精神。温情的和人性的"五四"本质在冰心那里更明显。冰心先生创造了崭新的抒情文体,是儿童文学热情的支持者和实践者。
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