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请阅读Passage 1，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　Today's adu

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  • [单选题]请阅读Passage 1，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　Today's adults grew up in schools designed to sort us into the various segments of our social and economic system.The amount of time available to learn was fixed: one year per grade.The amount learned by the end of that time was free to vary: some ofus leamed a great deal; some,very little.As we advanced through the grades,those who had learned a great deal in previous grades continued to build on those foundations.Those who had failed to master the early prerequisites within the allotted time failed to learn that which followed.After 12 or 13 years of cumulative treatment of this kinD.we were,in effect,spread along an achievement continuum that was ultimately reflected in each student's rank in class upon graduation. 　　From the very earliest grades,some students learned a great deal very quickly and consistently scored high on assessments.The emotional effect of this was to help them to see themselves as capable learners,and so these students became increasingly confident in school.That confidence gave them the inner emotional strength to take the risk of striving for more success because they believed that success was within their reach.Driven forward by this optimism,these students continued to try harD.and that effort continued to result in success for them.They became the academic and emotional winners.Notice that the trigger for their emotional strength and their learning success was their perception of their success on formal and informal assessments. 　　But there were other students who didn't fare so well.They scored very low on tests,beginning in the earliest grades.The emotional effect was to cause them to question their own capabilities as learners.They began to lose confidence,which,in turn,deprived them of the emotional reserves needed to continue to take risks.As their motivation warneD.of course,their performance plummeted.These students embarked on what they believed to be an irreversible slide toward inevitable failure and lost hope.Once again,the emotional trigger for their decision not to try was their perception of their performance on assessments. 　　Consider the reality-indeed.the paradox-of the schools in which we were reared.If some students worked hard and learned a lot,that was a positive result,and they would finish high in the rank order.But if some students gave up in hopeless failure,that was an acceptable result,too, because they would occupy places very low in the rank order.Their achievement results fed into the implicit mission of schools: the greater the spread of achievement among students,the more it reinforced the rank order.This is why,if some students gave up and stopped trying (even dropped out of school),that was regarded as the student's problem,not the teacher's or the school's. 　　Once again,please notice who is using test results to decide whether to strive for excellence or give up in hopelessness.The "data-based decision makers" in this process are students themselves.Students are deciding whether success is within or beyond reach,whether the learning is worth the required effort,and so whether to try or not.The critical emotions underpinning the decision making process include anxiety,fear of failure,uncertainty,and unwillingness to take risks-all triggered by students' perceptions of their own capabilities as reflected in assessment results. 　　Some students responded to the demands of such environments by working hard and learning a great deal.Others controlled their anxiety by giving up and not caring.The result for them is exactly the opposite of the one society wants.Instead of leaving no child behinD.these practices,in effect,drove down the achievement of at least as many students as they successfully elevated.And the evidence suggests that the downside victims are more frequently members of particular socioeconomic and ethnic minorities.

  • What has made students spread along an achievement continuum according to the passage?

  • A. The allotted time to learn.
    B. Social and economic system.
    C. The early prerequisites students mastered.
    D. Performance on formal and informal assessments.

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  • [单选题]"十年离别后，长大一相逢，问姓惊初见，称名忆旧容"，这是一种( )。
  • A. 再认
    B. 有意再现
    C. 直接再现
    D. 间接再现

  • [多选题]材料：男，13岁，初二学生，不合群，经常莫名紧张，失眠，头痛，担心考试失败。父亲是保险业务员，42岁，母亲是医院护士，38岁，两人均中专学历。容易感冒，尿床，从五年级开始远视眼，情绪会不安定，和同学打架，有时在学校里会恶心，呕吐，并伴有攻击行为。作业经常完不成，要求周一上交的，周天晚上才准备写。学习热情不高，并且有厌恶感，课文朗读需要用手指指着读，并且阅读起来会跳行，计算也容易搞错。 　　问题： 　　(1)该中学生存在的主要心理问题是什么？ 　　(2)问题产生的原因有哪些？ 　　(3)作为一名学校心理辅导老师，你将采取什么咨询与辅导方法，该方法原理与步骤是什么？
  • A. (1)该学生存在厌学症心理问题。厌学症是指学生消极对待学习活动的行为反应模式，主要表现为学生对学习认识存在偏差，情感上消极对待学习，行为上主动远离学习。患有厌学症的学生往往学习目的不明确，对学习失去兴趣；不认真听课，不完成作业，怕考试；甚至恨书、恨老师、恨学校，旷课逃学；严重者一提到学习就恶心、头昏、脾气暴躁甚至歇斯底里。厌学症对青少年的生理，心理健康具有极大的危害性。(2)原因包括，学习情感淡漠，缺乏兴趣；学习动机不足；意志薄弱，耐挫力差。(3)音乐疗法。迪普音是一种对频率、相位都进行过特殊处理的声音，与人耳固有频率相同，能够在耳蜗、耳前庭狭窄的空域内引起共振，并通过共振对中耳、内耳进行按摩理疗，对耳神经能起到调剂的作用，减轻耳前庭功能紊乱状态，反馈到人的大脑，中枢神经和脑垂体，帮助内啡肽生成，降低、平抚焦虑不安的情绪。

  • [多选题]如何利用注意的规律组织教学？（10分）
  • A. (1)充分利用无意注意的规律组织教学。优化教学环境，防止干扰因素；教学内容要丰富、新颖，富有吸引力；教学方法要生动活泼。（2分）(2)充分利用有意注意的规律组织教学。明确学习的目的与任务；正确组织教学活动；加强学生意志力的培养和训练。（2分）(3)充分利用有意后注意的规律组织教学，努力提高学生学习的兴趣。（2分）(4)充分利用有意注意、无意注意、有意后注意的相互转化的规律组织教学。（2分）（答满四点即可得满分）

  • [单选题] That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.Socalled intelligent behavior demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice(or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious.Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive.In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted co have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Indeed, when one′s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief: Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded of people who(by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.This forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output).Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

    • From the last paragraph we know that________.

  • A. memory is a compensation for forgetting
    B. the memory storage system is balanced
    C. the capacity of a memory storage system is limited
    D. forgetfulness is a response to learning

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