"二战"结束后，在亚洲和欧洲分别对主要战犯进行了审判。亚洲审判

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[单选题]"二战"结束后，在亚洲和欧洲分别对主要战犯进行了审判。亚洲审判史称"东京审判"，欧洲审判被称为( )。

A. "伦敦审判"
B. "柏林审判"
C. "纽伦堡审判"
D. 。"波茨坦审判"

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[单选题]"干越夷貉之子，生而同声，长而异俗，教使之然也"这句话反映了下列哪种因素对人发展的作用？( )

A. 遗传
B. 环境
C. 教育
D. 社会活动

[多选题]材料：某校对高一学生进行了一次有关新教材课外读本阅读情况的调查，结果2/3以上的学生完成情况很不理想。这一数字让语文老师们十分震惊，如果不扩大知识面，单靠课本上的材料，怎么能全面提高学生的语文水平呢？针对这个问题，王老师设计了“语文课进阅览室”的具体方案：学生在阅览室阅读自己喜欢的刊物，并组成兴趣小组，使阅读与研究、交流相结合：搭建“语文课进阅览室交流平台”，以学生为主持人分享同学们的“荐杂文”“知类文”“谈方法”“说感悟”，让学生在阅读中发现问题，激发学生的学习兴趣。方案提出以后，老师们都觉得不错。学校领导对此给予了大力支持，并选择了高一年级的五个班进行每周在阅览室上一节语文课的试验。但这种教学方式要求任课教师花费更多的心血来备课和提高自己的文学修养，这对于已经非常繁忙的老师们来说，无疑是个重负。一段时间下来，王老师惊讶地发现两个“没想到”：第一个是“没想到”课堂秩序会那么好，进了阅览室，大家各就各位，很快进入阅读环节；第二个是“没想到”见效这么快，半个学期的十多节课下来，学生们的阅读能力和作文水平普遍有了提高，在期中考试中的语文成绩也明显提高。而且学生们都说喜欢这种上课方式。问题：结合基础教育课程改革，谈谈你对材料中语文阅读教学改革试验的看法。（18分）

A. (1)新课程改革强调教师角色的转变。我国传统的教育体系过分强调知识的灌输，把传授知识作为唯一的教学目标，忽视了学生的主体作用，将学生变成单纯的知识容器，抑制了学生创造能力和实践能力的发展。材料中的语文阅读教学改革实验在教学过程中改变了教师的角色，教师由知识传授者变为引导者，引导学生在摄取知识的同时进行有目的地思考，这样做有利于培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。(2)材料中的“语文课进阅览室”的活动在教学实践中让教师交出了学生思维的主动权，让学生在教师精心设计的问题情境中积极思考。“语文课进阅览室”的活动让学生在愉悦的情境中享受学习知识的快乐。(3)在“语文课进阅览室”活动中，教师由单纯的知识传授者转变为学生学习的促进者；由管理者转化为引导者，师生之间形成了一个真正的“学习共同体”。(4)在“语文课进阅览室”活动中，学生的学习方式发生了实质性转变，打破了教师“一言堂”的局面，营造了一种轻松的课堂气氛。教师从培养学生的学习兴趣、激发学生的学习动机出发，为学生创设了一个有利于获取信息、相互交流、主动思考的环境，使学生的语文素养得到全面提高。

[单选题]In trying to get across a message,an EFl learner may use________strategies to make upfor a lack of knowledge of grammar or vocabulary.

A. communicative
B. cognitive
C. resourcing
D. affective

[多选题]简述活动课程的特点。

A. 活动课程又称儿童中心课程、经验课程，是打破学科逻辑组织的界限，从儿童的兴趣和需要出发，以活动为中心组织的课程。活动课程的代表人物是杜威。活动课程的特点有以下几个方面。(1)从儿童的需要、兴趣和个性出发设计课程。(2)以儿童的心理发展顺序为中心编制课程。(3)主张儿童在活动中探索、尝试错误，学到方法。

[单选题]The Ancient Greek philosopher Pythagorasis best known today for his mathematicaltheorem, which haunts the dreams ofmany geometry students, but for centurieshe was also celebrated as the father ofvegetarianism. A meatless diet was referred to as a “Pythagorean diet” for years, up until themodern vegetarian movement began in themid-1800s. 　　While Pythagoras was an early proponent of ameatless diet, humans have been vegetarianssince well before recorded history. Most anthropologists agree that early humanswould have eaten a predominantly plant-based diet; after all, plants can't run away.Additionally, our digestive systems resemblethose of herbivores closer than carnivorous animals. Prehistoric man ate meat, of course,but plants formed the basis of his diet. 　　Pythagoras and his many followers practicedvegetarianism for several reasons, mainly dueto religious and ethical objections. Pythagoras believed all living beings had souls. Animalswere no exception, so meat and fish were banished from his table. Strangely enough, he also banished a vegetable that has a place ofhonor on most vegetarian menus today, thehumble bean. His followers were forbidden to eat or even touch beans, because he thought beans and humans were created from thesame material. Fava beans were especially bad, as they have hollow steams that could allow the souls of the dead to travel up fromthe soil into the growing beans. 　　While the edict against beans was liftednot long after Pythagoras' death, hisfollowers continued to eat a meatless diet.His principles influenced generations of academics and religious thinkers, and it was a group of these like-minded individuals whofounded the Vegetarian Society in English inthe mid-1800s. The virtues of temperance,abstinence and self-control were all tied tovegetarian ideals, while lust, drunkenness and general hooliganism all resulted from a diet too rich in meat products. Notable earlyvegetarians included Leo Tolstoy, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi and American Bronson Alcott, a Transcendentalist teacher,reformer and the father of “Little Women”author Louisa May Alcott. 　　It wasn't until the 1960s that vegetarianismmoved into mainstream American life and themovement's growth picked up speed in the 1970s when a young graduate student namedFrancis Moore Lappe wrote a book called Diet for a Small Planet. In it, she advocated ameatless diet not for ethical or moral reasons,but because plant-based foods have muchless impact on the environment than meat does. Today, many vegetarians refuse meat because of animal rights issues, or concernsover animal treatment, a principle first espoused in Peter Singer's 1975 work AnimalLiberation.

Which of the following is true according tothe passage?

A. Pythagoras made a great contributingto biology.
B. Pythagoras thought beans, likehumans,had souls.
C. Francis Moore Lappe is a contemporary vegetarian.
D. Both Bronson Alcott and his daughterwere vegetarians.

[单选题]学生掌握了"哺乳动物"的概念后，理解"鲸"的含义，属于( )。

A. 下位学习
B. 总括性学习
C. 上位学习
D. 并列结合学习

[单选题]教育目的所要回答的根本问题是( )。

A. 要把教育引向何方
B. 教育要培养怎样的人
C. 教育为谁服务
D. 教育如何培养人

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