简述语法教学中演绎法和归纳法的教学过程及其优缺点。

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[多选题]简述语法教学中演绎法和归纳法的教学过程及其优缺点。

A. 采用演绎法教授语法.教师首先直接讲解语法规则并举例说明，然后让学生进行各种替换练习、句子练习等训练。这种教学方式讲解清楚，易于理解，比较适合具有强烈学习动机的学习者。但是在这种方式下，学生对教师的依赖性比较强，学到的语言知识也容易遗忘。演绎法注重形式而非使用，学生处于被动学习的状态。 　　采用归纳法教授语法.教师让学生首先接触含有语法规则的语境，然后根据上下文的信息归纳出语法规则。这种方法可以增加学生和语言的接触，有助于激发学生的参与，使学生理解语法所适用的语境、所表达的含义以及所承载的功能，分析归纳总结语言使用规律，深化学生对用法的理解，有助于学生分析能力和注意力的培养。但是使用归纳法教授语法，对学生和教师的要求都很高，学生必须能够主动学习，愿意动脑筋，否则会对规则的印象不深，难以巩固。

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[单选题] Children who spend more than two hours a day at a computer or watching television are more likely than others to have mental problems, scientists say. Researchers found that 11-year-old who spent several hours in front of a screen each day did worse on mental health tests, no matter how much physical exercise they got. The University of Bristol study, published in Pediatrics, involved more than l,000 children aged about 10. They also had the kids fill out questionnaires designed to gauge the kids' emotional well-being and behavior. The questionnaires contained 20 questions covering five sections-emotional difficulties, conduct problems, hyperactivity or inattention, friendships and peer groups and problems relating to friends and peer groups. The study found no direct evidence that sitting in front of a screen actually causes mental health problems. Instead, it suggests that children with difficulties, such as extreme shyness, are more likely to choose TV or computer games than sociable activities. In the study, children were asked whether they agreed, disagreed or somewhat agree with a list of statements, including,"I generally play alone or keep to myself" and,"I am often unhappy or tearful". They were also asked how much exercise they took and how long they spent at a TV or computer screen. According to the study, children who spent more than two hours a day at a screen had a 60% higher risk of mental problems than children who spent fewer viewing hours. The risk was only slightly higher in children who did little or no exercise. "Physical activity is good for health in many ways, but it can't make up for long hours of screen viewing. Parents should consider limiting their children's screen viewing to no more than 2 hours a day," said the study organizer, Angie Page. Previous studies have raised concerns that watching too much television can affect children's behavior in later life. A Canadian study found that those who watched most TV as young children performed worse at school, ate more junk food and had more trouble concentrating.

What information can we get about the University of Bristol study?

A. The results of it have been published.
B. All kids who take part in the study had an interview.
C. The questionnaires of it contained five questions.
D. It was done by an elementary school.

[单选题]把习得的动作固定下来，并使各动作成分相互结合成定型的、一体化的动作，称为( )。

A. 操作的定向
B. 操作的模仿
C. 操作的整合
D. 操作的熟练

[单选题] The process of perceiving others is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms."She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas, and characters.Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance. We try to obtain information about others in many ways.Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others; who are known to you so you can compare the observed person′s behavior with the known others′ behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for, deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person′s responses to specific stimuli, asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person-question, self-disclosures, and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise.You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him.If we accept the idea that we won′t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions.It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior.Ironicajly, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well(e.g.secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g.disclosures and truthful statement).

According to the passage,if we perceive a person, we are likely to be interested in

A. what he wears
B. how tall he is
C. how happy he is
D. what color he dyes his hair

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