公元前138年，( )出使西域，开拓了汉朝通往西域的南北道路，被

【名词&注释】

平均年龄(average age)、丝绸之路(silk road)、民族融合(national fusion)、主要功能(main function)、遗忘曲线(forgetting curve)、先决条件(precondition)、巨大贡献(great contribution)、近代实业家、海洋大学(ocean university)、道德行为准则

[单选题]公元前138年，( )出使西域，开拓了汉朝通往西域的南北道路，被称为"凿空之旅"。

A. 班超
B. 班固
C. 张謇
D. 张骞

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[多选题]教育上的外铄论认为，人的身心发展取决于外在环境的影响。持这种观点的教育思想家是( )。

A. 荀子
B. 洛克
C. 孟子
D. 华生

[多选题]根据艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，下列选项正确的有( )。

A. 遗忘是不均衡的
B. 遗忘速度是先快后慢的
C. 遗忘速度是匀速的
D. 遗忘速度呈正加速型

[单选题]品德的核心是( )。

A. 道德认知
B. 道德情感
C. 道德意志
D. 道德行为

[单选题]班级管理的主要功能是( )。

A. 维持班级秩序
B. 实现教学目标，提高学习效率
C. 形成良好的班风
D. 锻炼学生能力，学会自治自理

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Old stereotypes die hard.Picture a video-game player and you will likely imagine a teenage boy,by himself,compulsively hammering away at a game involving rayguns and aliens that splatter when blasted.Ten years ago that might have bome some relation to reality.But today a gamer is as likely to be a middle-aged commuter playing "Angry Birds" on her smartphone.In AmericA.the biggest market,the average game-player is 37 years old.Two-fifths are female. 　　Over the past ten years the video-game industry has grown from a small business to a huge, mainstream one.With global sales of $56 billion in 2010,it is more than twice the size of the recorded-music industry.Despite the downturn,it is growing by almost 9% a year. 　　Is this success due to luck or skill? The answer matters,because the rest of the entertainment industry has tended to treat gaming as being a lucky beneficiary of broader technological changes. Video gaming,unlike musiC.film or television,had the luck to be born digital.In fact,there is plenty for old media to learn. 　　Video games have certainly been swept along by two forces: demography and technology.The first gaming generation-the children of the 1970s and early 1980s-is now over 30.Many still love gaming,and can afford to spend far more on it now.Meanwhile rapid improvements in computing power have allowed game designers to offer experiences that are now often more cinematic than the cinema. 　　But even granted this good fortune,the game-makers have been clever.They have reached out to new customers with new methods.They have branched out into education,corporate training and even warfare,and have embraced digital downloads and mobile devices with enthusiasm.Though big-budget games are still popular,much of the growth now comes from "casual" games that are simple,cheap and playable in short bursts on mobile phones or in web browsers. 　　The industry has excelled in a particular area-pricing.In an era when people are disinclined to pay for content on the weB.games publishers were quick to develop "freemium" models,where you rely on non-paying customers to build an audience and then extract cash only from a fanatical few. 　　As gaming comes to be seen as just another medium,its tech-savvy approach could provide a welcome shot in the arm for existing media groups.

The two examples in Paragraph l are used to illustrate that_______.

A. video-game players tend to be older
B. females in America tend to enjoy playing video games
C. it is hard to change old stereotypes
D. the video-game industry has grown rapidly

[单选题]请阅读Passage 1，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　Today's adults grew up in schools designed to sort us into the various segments of our social and economic system.The amount of time available to learn was fixed: one year per grade.The amount learned by the end of that time was free to vary: some ofus leamed a great deal; some,very little.As we advanced through the grades,those who had learned a great deal in previous grades continued to build on those foundations.Those who had failed to master the early prerequisites within the allotted time failed to learn that which followed.After 12 or 13 years of cumulative treatment of this kinD.we were,in effect,spread along an achievement continuum that was ultimately reflected in each student's rank in class upon graduation. 　　From the very earliest grades,some students learned a great deal very quickly and consistently scored high on assessments.The emotional effect of this was to help them to see themselves as capable learners,and so these students became increasingly confident in school.That confidence gave them the inner emotional strength to take the risk of striving for more success because they believed that success was within their reach.Driven forward by this optimism,these students continued to try harD.and that effort continued to result in success for them.They became the academic and emotional winners.Notice that the trigger for their emotional strength and their learning success was their perception of their success on formal and informal assessments. 　　But there were other students who didn't fare so well.They scored very low on tests,beginning in the earliest grades.The emotional effect was to cause them to question their own capabilities as learners.They began to lose confidence,which,in turn,deprived them of the emotional reserves needed to continue to take risks.As their motivation warneD.of course,their performance plummeted.These students embarked on what they believed to be an irreversible slide toward inevitable failure and lost hope.Once again,the emotional trigger for their decision not to try was their perception of their performance on assessments. 　　Consider the reality-indeed.the paradox-of the schools in which we were reared.If some students worked hard and learned a lot,that was a positive result,and they would finish high in the rank order.But if some students gave up in hopeless failure,that was an acceptable result,too, because they would occupy places very low in the rank order.Their achievement results fed into the implicit mission of schools: the greater the spread of achievement among students,the more it reinforced the rank order.This is why,if some students gave up and stopped trying (even dropped out of school),that was regarded as the student's problem,not the teacher's or the school's. 　　Once again,please notice who is using test results to decide whether to strive for excellence or give up in hopelessness.The "data-based decision makers" in this process are students themselves.Students are deciding whether success is within or beyond reach,whether the learning is worth the required effort,and so whether to try or not.The critical emotions underpinning the decision making process include anxiety,fear of failure,uncertainty,and unwillingness to take risks-all triggered by students' perceptions of their own capabilities as reflected in assessment results. 　　Some students responded to the demands of such environments by working hard and learning a great deal.Others controlled their anxiety by giving up and not caring.The result for them is exactly the opposite of the one society wants.Instead of leaving no child behinD.these practices,in effect,drove down the achievement of at least as many students as they successfully elevated.And the evidence suggests that the downside victims are more frequently members of particular socioeconomic and ethnic minorities.

What has made students spread along an achievement continuum according to the passage?

A. The allotted time to learn.
B. Social and economic system.
C. The early prerequisites students mastered.
D. Performance on formal and informal assessments.

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