22.请阅读Passage 2,完成第1～5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　The An

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[单选题]22.请阅读Passage 2,完成第1～5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　The Ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras is best known today for his mathematical theorem,which haunts the dreams of many geometry students,but for centuries he was also celebrated as thefather of vegetarianism.A meatless diet was referred to as a“Pythagorean diet”for years,up untilthe modern vegetarian movement began in the mid-1800s. 　　While Pythagoras was an early proponent of a meatless diet,humans have been vegetarianssince well before recorded history.Most anthropologists agree that early humans would have eaten apredominantly plant-based diet;after all,plants can't run away.Additionally,our digestive systemsresemble those of herbivores closer than camivorous animals.Prehistoric man ate meat,of course,but plants formed the basis of his diet. 　　Pythagoras and his many followers practiced vegetarianism for several reasons,mainly dueto religious and ethical objections.Pythagoras believed all living beings had souls.Animals wereno exception,so meat and fish were banished from his table.Strangely enough,he also banished avegetable that has a place of honor on most vegetarian menus today,the“humble”bean.His followerswere forbidden to eat or even touch beans,because he thought beans and humans were created fromthe same material.Fava beans were especially bad,as they have hollow steams that could allow thesouls ofthe dead to travel up from the soil into the growing beans. 　　While the edict against beans was lifted not long after Pythagoras' death,his followers continued to eat a meatless diet.His principles infiuenced generations of academics and religiousthinkers,and it was a group of these like-minded individuals who founded the Vegetarian Societyin English in the mid-1800s.The virtues of temperance,abstinence and self-control were all tied tovegetarian ideals,while lust,drunkenness and general hooliganism all resulted from a diet too richin meat products.Notable early vegetarians included Leo Tolstoy,George Bernard Shaw,MahatmaGandhi and American Bronson Alcott,a Transcendentalist teacher,reformer and the father oflittleWomen author Louisa May Alcott. 　　It wasn't until the 1960s that vegetarianism moved into mainstream American life and themovement's growth picked up speed in the 1970s when a young graduate student named FrancisMoore Lappe wrote a book called Diet for a Small Planet.In it,she advocated a meatless diet not for ethical or moral reasons,but because plant-based foods have much less impact on the environmentthan meat does.Today,many vegetarians refuse meat because of animal rights issues,or concernsover animal treatment,a principle first espoused in Peter Singer's 1975 work Animal Liberation.

Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Pythagoras made a great contributing to biology.
B. Pythagoras thought beans,like humans,had souls.
C. Francis Moore lappe is a contemporary vegetarian.
D. Both Bronson Alcott and his daughter were vegetarians.

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[多选题]问题解决不受情绪影响。

A. （1）这种说法是错误的。 （2）影响问题解决的主要因素有问题的特征、思维定势与功能固着、迁移、原型启发、动机强度以及情绪等等。情绪对问题解决有一定的影响，往往肯定、积极的情绪状态有利于问题的解决，而否定、消极的情绪状态则会阻碍问题的解决。人们对活动的态度、责任感等可以成为发现问题的动机，影响问题解决的效果。动机的强度不同，影响的大小也不一样。除了上述因素外，个体的智力水平、性格特征、认知风格和世界观等个性心理特性也制约着问题解决的方向和效果。 （3）所以说，情绪影响着问题解决，故题干这种说法错误。

[单选题]焦老师积极参加各种教师培训活动，返校后主动与同事们交流学习的心得体会，并将其运用于教学实践。关于焦老师的做法，下列说法不正确的是( )。

A. 体现了终身学习的自觉性
B. 有利于师生的共同发展
C. 推动了学校的校本教研
D. 有助于增进家校合作

[单选题]21.请阅读Passage 1,完成第1～5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　Sante fe,New Mexico multimillionaire Fortest Fenn has always loved a good adventure.As asmall child before eight,he and his brother,Skippy spent summer vacations making exploration inYellowstone National Park. 　　As a teen,Fenn idolized the decorated World War Ⅱ fighter pilot,called Robin Olds and latter emulated his hero during The Vietnam War as an Air fighter pilot to go to New Mexico and settledthere as an arts and antiques dealer,hunting down valuable paintings,rugs,war memorabilia.andother antique to sell. 　　In 1998,Fenn was diagnosed with terminal kidney cancer.As he had always been doing,he conceived a grand adventured that he assumed would be his last one.“I wanted to create some excitement,some hope,before I died,”says Fenn,82,adding that he also wanted to“get kids out ofthe game room and off the couch.”With those ideas in his mind,he started to devise a treasure hunt. 　　little by little,Fenn began stocking a small bronze chest with gold coins,prehistoric bracelets and other valuable things.When his cancer went into remission in 1993,he decided he would carryout his plan anyway. 　　In 2010,“Fenn topped”off the chest with jewels and valuable stones and hid it somewhere deepin the Rocky Mountains,north of Sante Fe.later that year,he wrote a poem for his self-publishedmemoir,The Thrill of the Chase.It contained nine clues about the treasure box's whereabouts.Onestanza reads like this:Begin it where warm waters halt/and take it in the canyon down/Not far,buttoo far to walk/Put in below the home of Brown. 　　A few months later,a story about the treasure appeared in a magazine.Since then,Fenn hasreceived thousands of e-mails from treasure hunters.Some request more clues to the box.Butmostly“people thanked me for bringing their family together,”he says with a self-comforting smileon his face. 　　In April,Fenn told a crowd at an albuquerque bookstore that two groups of treasure huntershad gotten within 500 feet of the chest.“They walked right by it,”he said. 　　Fenn is confident that the treasure will be unearthed eventually and says it will take the right combination of cunning and perseverance.“It will be discovered by someone who has read the clues carefully and successfully.But nobody is going to happen upon it,” 　　He predicts.He hopes that whoever finds the loot will relish the riches and the adventure of finding them.

Why did Fenn design a treasure hunt after he was diagnosed with cancer?

A. He enjoyed adventures and couldn't help doing it.
B. He wanted to help himself and game-and telly-addicted kids.
C. He wanted to get the kids out of the game room to play with him.
D. He thought it could bring him hope,excitement and a longer life.

[单选题]下列选项中，与"青岛--珠海"逻辑关系相同的是( )。

A. 新疆--边疆
B. 大象--老鼠
C. 植物--水仙
D. 西瓜--水果

[单选题]李老师就校务公开问题向学校提建议，李老师的做法是( )。

A. 行使教师权利
B. 履行教师义务
C. 影响学校的秩序
D. 给学校出难题

[单选题]某教师积极参加学校工会活动，并对学校的改革发展建言献策。该教师行使的权利是( )。

A. 教育教学权
B. 控告检举权
C. 民主管理权
D. 培训进修权

[多选题]材料： 　　从最根本的意义上来说，文学是一项寻求认同的事业--作者通过写作来寻求理解，寻觅知音，而读者则通过阅读，来发现作者并与他们建立认同。作家通过区分不同的读者类型，针对特定的阅读对象，使用相应的语言和叙事策略，为他们提供读物，从而获得读者和市场的认同。但实际上，真正意义上的文学写作，不仅考虑现实的读者，同时也在向未来和可能的读者寻求认同。 　　比如说，在文学出版、印刷、传播很不发达的古代社会中，作家们的作品在当世的传播受到极大的限制。对古代的作者而言，他们的写作大多没有任何商业报酬，也很少现实的读者。正因为如此，他们只有对未来的读者加以想象，才能获得写作的基本动力。所谓的"文章千古事"，说的就是这个意思。而在现代社会中，很多作家的写作也向未来敞开，当时不为人知，在后世却成为一代经典的作品，即便是在近现代文学史上也比比皆是。所以说，文学本身就具有某种"待访"的性质：作家有点像是在茫茫大海上建立岛屿的人，而读者则像是航海者和旅行者。作家之所以在孤寂中建立岛屿，当然是希望有一天能与他们的读者相遇。 　　对于另一些作家来说，他们的目光也会投向过去。他们试图与那些早已不在人世的文学先辈们进行对话。从某种意义上说，他们是在与先驱者所确立的文学标准对话。当然，他们也是在跟自己内心的目标进行对话。每一个优秀的作家，心中都有一个隐秘而清晰的目标。读者和社会的认同、商业上成功是一回事，而能否接近和达到这个目标，则是另一回事。就中国文学而言，李白、杜甫、苏轼、曹雪芹等人确立了古典文学的标准，而鲁迅先生则代表了近现代以来中国文学和思想的新高度。也可以说，我们实际上面对着两个伟大的传统。我们置身于这两个传统之中，受到它们的护佑，分享它们的文学资源，向它们表达敬意，同时也在与它们进行对话，并尝试着做出新的文学变革。因此，任何有价值的写作，都是对传统的某种回应，即便是对传统的质疑和挑战，也是一种重要的回应。 　　所以，严格地来说，文学写作中对读者的想象，既是一种向现实和未来读者寻求认同的过程，同时也是对传统的再确认过程。我认为，只有具备了过去、现实和未来开放性视野的创作，才称得上是一种开放的写作。 　　（摘编自格非《文学在读者中寻求认同》） 　　问题： 　　(1)画线句"文学是一项寻求认同的事业"中"认同"的含义是什么？请简要概括。（4分） 　　(2)如何理解文末所言的"开放的写作"？请结合文本，简要分析。（10分）

A. 【参考答案】 (1)"文学是一项寻求认同的事业"，"认同"的含义是读者对作者的理解和认可，是作者和读者对共同价值的确认。每个优秀的作家都有自己内心的目标，在创作时会为自己的写作设定"隐含的读者"，这其中既有现实的读者，也包含未来和可能的读者，作者希望他们是自己的"知音"，期待得到他们的理解和认可来确认自己写作的价值。 (2)"开放的写作"是指具备了过去、现实和未来开放性视野的创作。它包括两个方面：一是向现实和未来的读者寻求认同的过程，这其中既包括现实的读者和市场对自己写作的认同，更重要的是未来和可能的读者对自己写作的价值的认同，写作要"向未来敞开"；二是对传统的再确认过程，作者置身于中国古典文学和近现代文学两大伟大的传统，必须对传统做出回应：或是汲取其营养，对其表达尊重；或是进行质疑和挑战，尝试新的文学变革。总而言之，写作需要具备这种开放性的视野，在创作的过程中不断接近和达到作者心中隐秘而清晰的目标。

[多选题]惩罚可以永久改变行为。

A. 这种说法是错误的。惩罚是指当有机体做出某种反应以后，呈现一个厌恶刺激，以消除或抑制此类反应的过程。惩罚并不能使行为发生永久性的改变，它只能暂时抑制行为，而不能消除行为。因此，惩罚的运用必须慎重，惩罚一种不良行为应与强化一种良好行为结合起来，方能取得预期的效果。因此，题干的说法是错误的。

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