行为改变都是学习的结果。

【名词&注释】

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[多选题]行为改变都是学习的结果。

A. 这种说法是错误的。学习是个体在特定的情境下，由于练习或反复经验而产生的行为或行为潜能的比较持久的改变。首先，学习的行为变化是由经验引起的，所说的“经验”是个体在后天活动中获得的，那些由遗传、成熟或机体损伤等导致的行为变化，比如吞咽、身体发育、残疾行为等，不能称为学习。其次，学习的行为变化是比较持久的，适应、疲劳、药物等亦能引起行为变化，如运动员服用兴奋剂，成绩暂时提高，但这样的行为变化是比较短暂的，不能称为学习。因此，行为的改变不一定都是学习的结果，只有经验引起的行为持久的变化才是学习的结果。故题干的说法是错误的。

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[单选题]The Ancient Greek philosopher Pythagorasis best known today for his mathematicaltheorem, which haunts the dreams ofmany geometry students, but for centurieshe was also celebrated as the father ofvegetarianism. A meatless diet was referred to as a “Pythagorean diet” for years, up until themodern vegetarian movement began in themid-1800s. 　　While Pythagoras was an early proponent of ameatless diet, humans have been vegetarianssince well before recorded history. Most anthropologists agree that early humanswould have eaten a predominantly plant-based diet; after all, plants can't run away.Additionally, our digestive systems resemblethose of herbivores closer than carnivorous animals. Prehistoric man ate meat, of course,but plants formed the basis of his diet. 　　Pythagoras and his many followers practicedvegetarianism for several reasons, mainly dueto religious and ethical objections. Pythagoras believed all living beings had souls. Animalswere no exception, so meat and fish were banished from his table. Strangely enough, he also banished a vegetable that has a place ofhonor on most vegetarian menus today, thehumble bean. His followers were forbidden to eat or even touch beans, because he thought beans and humans were created from thesame material. Fava beans were especially bad, as they have hollow steams that could allow the souls of the dead to travel up fromthe soil into the growing beans. 　　While the edict against beans was liftednot long after Pythagoras' death, hisfollowers continued to eat a meatless diet.His principles influenced generations of academics and religious thinkers, and it was a group of these like-minded individuals whofounded the Vegetarian Society in English inthe mid-1800s. The virtues of temperance,abstinence and self-control were all tied tovegetarian ideals, while lust, drunkenness and general hooliganism all resulted from a diet too rich in meat products. Notable earlyvegetarians included Leo Tolstoy, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi and American Bronson Alcott, a Transcendentalist teacher,reformer and the father of “Little Women”author Louisa May Alcott. 　　It wasn't until the 1960s that vegetarianismmoved into mainstream American life and themovement's growth picked up speed in the 1970s when a young graduate student namedFrancis Moore Lappe wrote a book called Diet for a Small Planet. In it, she advocated ameatless diet not for ethical or moral reasons,but because plant-based foods have muchless impact on the environment than meat does. Today, many vegetarians refuse meat because of animal rights issues, or concernsover animal treatment, a principle first espoused in Peter Singer's 1975 work AnimalLiberation.

Which of the following statements fails to be inferred from the passage?

A. A meatless diet was supported andpracticed by Pythagoras.
B. After his death, Pythagoras followers continued to eat beans.
C. Pythagoras influenced a lot of peoplewho choose not to eat meat.
D. Pythagoras refused to eat any meatfor religious and ethical reasons.

[单选题]22.请阅读Passage 2,完成第1～5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Shay asked,“Do you think they'll let me play?”Shay's father knew that most of the boyswould not want someone like Shay on their team,but the father also understood that if his son,mentally and physically disabled,were allowed to play,it would give him a much-needed sense of belonging and some confidence. 　　Shay's father approached one of the boys on the field and asked if Shay could play,not expecting much.The boy looked around and said,We're losing by six runs and the game is in the eighth inning.I guess he can be on our team and we'll try to put him in to bat in the final inning. 　　Shay struggled over to the team's bench and put on a team shirt with a broad smile and hisfather had a small tear in his eye and warmth in heart.The boys saw the father's joy at his son being accepted. 　　In the bottom of the eighth inning,Shay's team scored a few runs but was still behind by three.In the top of the final inning,Shay put on a glove and played in the field.Even though no hits camehis way,he was obviously joyful just to be in the game and on the field.In the bottom of the finalinning,Shay's team scored again.Now,Shay was scheduled to be next at bat.Would they let Shay bat and give away their chance to win the game? 　　Surprisingly,Shay was given the bat.Everyone knew that a hit was alruost impossible.Thefirst pitch came and Shay missed.The pitcher again took a few steps forward to throw the ball softlytowards Shay.As the pitch came in,Shay swung at the ball and hit a slow ground ball right back tothe pitcher. 　　The pitcher could have easily thrown the ball to the first baseman and Shay would have beenout and that would have been the end of the game.Instead,the pitcher threw the ball right over thehead of the first baseman,beyond the reach of all teammates.The audience and the players from both teams started screaming,“Shay,run to first!”Never in his life had Shay ever run that far butmade it to first base,wide-eyed and shocked. 　　Everyone shouted,“Run to second!”Catching his breath,Shay awkwardly ran towards second.By the time Shay rounded towards second base,the smallest guy on their team,who had a chance to be the hero for his team for the first time,could have thrown the ball to the second baseman,but heunderstood the pitcher's intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far over the third baseman's head. 　　All were screaming,“Shay,Shay,Shay,all the way Shay.”Shay reached third base whenone opposing player ran to help him and shouted,“Shay,run to third.”as Shay rounded third,allwere on their feet,crying,“Shay,run home!”Shay ran to home,stepped on the home base and was cheered as the hero who won the game for his team. 　　That day,the boys from both teams helped bring a piece of true love and humanity into this world.Shay didn't make it to another summer and died that winter,having never forgotten being thehero and making his father so happy and coming home and seeing his mother tearfully hug her littlehero ofthe day!

The smallest boy threw the ball high and far over the third baseman's head,probably 　　because that boy__________.

A. was obviously aware of the pitcher's purpose
B. looked forward to winning the game for his team
C. failed to throw the ball to the second baseman
D. saw that Shay already reached second base

[单选题]《中华人民共和国义务教育法》规定由( )，确定义务教育的教学制度、教学内容和课程设置。

A. 省级教育主管部门
B. 市级教育主管部门
C. 国务院教育主管部门
D. 学校

[单选题]我国当前的教育目的："培养( )等全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。"

A. 德智体美劳
B. 德智体美
C. 德智体
D. 德智

[单选题]“江边枫落菊花黄，少长登高望一乡。”描述的是 　　( )。

A. 清明
B. 端午
C. 中秋
D. 重阳

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